Meralco’s Pricing: an Assessment

I. Introduction Meralco is a internal monopoly. Natural monopoly exists when a firm is able to supply the issue forth market engage more expeditiously because of economies of scale that appropriate the firm to upseter its damage as it expands capacity. However, like any firm in a market situation where in that location is imperfect competition or in a less-than-competitive market, a natural-monopoly firm, when left to its take in, tends to limit its proceeds to a point where its margeal cost equals its marginal revenue provided charge a much nobleer determine than what would come prevailed when there is a upliftedly-competitive market.In a highly-competitive market, the discloseput tends to settle at a point where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, which likewise equals its price and where the social building block cost of productionion is the lowest possible because of competition. When the price is greater than unit cost and realises ar high, more firms wi ll come to compete in the market and drive down the price clog to where it is just equal to unit cost. When the price is below unit cost, the resulting losses will drive disclose some of the firm from the market, thus raising the price back again to where it is just equal to the unit cost of producing the product concerned.Because a natural monopoly, like any firm in an imperfect market, charges a price way above the equality of marginal cost and marginal revenue, it also produces at a certain level of verbotenput that is less than what would have prevailed when the market is highly competitive. These twin evils ( high price than undeniable and lower output than possible), which arise from the presence of a monopoly, withdraw for a very strong matter for disposal intervention. In line with this, the researchers ought to know if Meralco has really an absolute control over the output produced and indeed charge the highest price to increase their profit.They also want to know the basis of determine per kilowatt instant (kWh) and how do they implemented this to their consumer. II. Methodology The descriptive research method was used in this research, as it points out conditions and relationships that exist or do not exist. Furthermore, this method empha size of its more on descriptions rather than on judgments or interpretations. Descriptive research is thus a type of research that is primarily concerned with describing the nature or conditions and degree in detail of the present situation. (Landman, 199859)Descriptive data for research argon collected by use different methods. It may be presented qualitatively or in verbal forms or symbols, or quantitatively in mathematical symbols, depending upon the nature of the material and the purposes for which one is doing research. III. Respondents of the study The respondents of this study consisted of Meralco consumers and some people from the department of Energy (DOE). The above-mentioned respondents qual ified to the roughly needed criteria of the researchers, who were currently situated at the survey site. IV.Discussion A. Overview of Monopoly A. 1 Definition of monopoly Pure monopoly exists when a single firm is the sole producer of a product for which there atomic number 18 no close substitutes. A. 2 Characteristics of Monopoly Here are the main characteristics of pure monopoly a. Single seller. A pure, or absolute, monopoly is an industryin which a single firm is the sole producer of aspecific good or the sole supplier of a service thefirm and the industry are synonymous. b. No close substitutes. A pure monopolys product isunique in that there are no close substitutes.Theconsumer who chooses not to buy the monopolized product must do without it. c. Price maker. The pure monopolist controls the totalquantity supplied and thus has considerable controlover price it is a price maker (unlike a pure competitor,which has no such control and therefore is a pricetaker). The pure monop olist confronts the usualdownward-sloping product demand curve. It nominatechange its product price by changing the quantity ofthe product it produces. The monopolist will use this great power whenever it is positive to do so. d. Blocked entry.A pure monopolist has no immediatecompetitors because certain barriers keep potentialcompetitors from entering the industry. Those barriers may be economic, technological, legal, or ofsome early(a) type. But entry is totally blocked in puremonopoly. e. Nonprice competition. The product produced by a puremonopolist may be either standardized (as with naturalgas and electrical energy)or differentiated (aswith Windows orFrisbees). Monopolists that have standardized products engage mainly in public relationsadvertising, whereas those with differentiated productssometimes advertise their products attri only ifes.B. Meralco and set TheManila Electric Company,also known asMERALCO, is the Philippines largest electrical distributor of electrical p ower. The word MERALCO, is anacronymforManilaElectricRailroadAndLightCompany, which was the companys original name from 1903 to 1919. MERALCO is theMetro Manilas solo electric power distributor and holds the power distribution franchise for some 22 cities and 89 municipalities, including the self-coloured ofMetro ManilaandMega Manilaregion. B. 1 Retail price compositionIEC confirmed that the main component or 65 percent of the average of Meralcos sell pricing is the generation charge. Charges by independent power producers comprised 44 percent, National Power Corp. s transmission system billing was 35 percent, spot market pricing was 13 percent, and the ancillary service charge was 8 percent. The table below shows the composition of the total of retail price charged to consumers IEC also estimated that the embedded fuel costs comprised approximately 50 percent of the total generation charge, while the transmission charge comprised 9 percent of the average tariff.VAT and other t axes and statutory charges comprised 10 percent. Lastly, the distribution charge, which is the only part of electricity billing that goes to Meralco, comprised 16 percent of the average tariff. All other charges were thus collected by Meralco on behalf of third parties. B. 2 Price as Compared to other Countries IEC conducted a detailed survey and analysis of retail electricity tariffs and costs in 13 countries and two U. S. states, as well as a supplementary, less comprehensive meta-analysis of 27 countries in the Euro area and the 50 rest U. S. states.The 15 core markets in the survey included Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan (Kansai), Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia (WA), Sri Lanka, NZ, California (PGE), Hawaii, Canada (Ontario) and South Africa. For apiece of the core markets, retail tariffs were calculated for residential, commercial and industrial customers. IEC enumerated seven factors behind Meralcos pricing as compared to other countries subsidies , high intrinsic cost of supply, import-parity fuel, grid size/plant mix, higher(prenominal) financing cost, geographical challenges and cross-subsidy in transmission rates.Surprisingly, a number of countries in the study like Korea and Taiwan have electricity prices that are lower than Meralcos because of judicature policies that provide subsidies of up to 50 percent. The subsidies come in the change form of frozen tariffs, sale of fuel to utilities at below market rates, and utility losses bring up by the disposal. IEC tell that Meralcos estimated cost of supply was in the top quintile (9th highest and 19 percent above the average) among the 44 markets surveyed.The cost of producing and delivering electricity in Luzon (and in the Philippines, more generally), it opinems, was intrinsically high largely because of the high price of imported fossil fuel. Interestingly, IEC also pointed to the relatively small grid size, geographic challenges of transmission and higher cost of financing costs as reasons for high intrinsic cost of electricity that Meralco sells. If fact, IEC noted that cardinal of the 10 highest cost markets in the survey are island nation/states, and this factor may be a sound cost multiplier.Because 80 percent of power generation in Luzon was fuelled with imported fuels, electricity prices are expected to remain high. This is the reality of a country that is dependent on imported fuels. Also, the Luzon grid size is smaller and therefore had a high dependence on hydro which requires a higher re advert margin requirement. The weighted average cost of capital in the Philippine power sector is higher than most countries in the region. Debt cost is relatively high and loan tenors are shorter. Transmission costs are also inherently high as power has to be transmitted across some(prenominal) islands.Lastly, the higher cost of transmission to consumers in the Visayas is supportd by consumers in the Luzon grid. A study conducted by the compan y and accredited by Meralco found that at the beginning of 2012 the Philippines had the 2nd highest electricity rates in the region and the 9th highest out of 44 international markets. In the study, which was standardized for type of customer, time period, currency price and resource rates, he came to a number of conclusions about why consumer electricity rates in the Philippines are relatively high for the region and internationally.Several of the issues dont seem to have a near term solution in sight. 1. The government doesnt subsidize energy. The main reason prices are likely to stay high is the Philippines bunst afford to subsidize its electricity as other countries in the region do,3/4 of the reason energy costs are high is because the government doesnt apply subsidies to keep tariffs artificially low. Several neighboring countries Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Korea and Taiwan all have lower tariffs because of government subsidies.He verbalise up to and sometimes over 50% of costs in these countries are subsidized since government policies freeze tariffs, sell fuel at below market rates and make government articulatio humeri note losses. 2. Its expensive to produce energy in the Philippines. Philippine power generation relies largely on imported fuel pegged to high international fuel prices, The country is making efforts to explore more of its own natural gas resources, but finding deposits and setting up production facilities will take years. In the meantime, the country is reliant on high cost international fuel. 3. Challenging geography.Because the Philippines is made up of thousands of islands, it does not have a unified electricity grid and there are several providers. In principle, tell Morris, the bigger the grid the cheaper the cost which can be spread out among more customers. However he thought that creating a unified grid in the Philippines would be problematic given the terrain. He noted that transmission costs are more expensive becau se power has to be sent across several islands. IEC found that 8 of the 10 highest cost markets in the survey were island nations or states, which could be a fundamental cost multiplier. He said, It is expensive to make electricity, transmit it and distribute it in this country I cant see that problem changing in the next 20 years. 4. Ineffective plants. He pointed out that when some plants dont treat well, it is necessary to have a reserve plant, which means additional costs. The higher your reserve margin the higher the total cost of supply, he said. He added that the reserve margin of the Philippines was probably around 20% but should actually be between 33% to 35% since the country has had brownouts in the last year, which he said means you dont have enough capacity to meet reliable demand.C. Governments Intervention to Pricing Natural monopolies traditionally have been subject to rate regulation (price regulation), although the recent trend has been to deregulate wherever c ompetition seems possible. For example, long-distance telephone calls, natural gas distribution, wireless communications, cable television, and long-distance electricity transmission have been, to one degree or another, deregulated over the past several decades. And regulators in some states are beginning to allow new entrants to compete with existing topical anaesthetic anesthetic telephone and electricity providers.Nevertheless, state and local regulatory commissions still regulate the prices that most local natural gas distributors, regional telephone companies, and local electricity suppliers can charge. These locally regulated monopolies are commonly called public utilities. Meralco as Regulated Monopoly Meralco is a publicly owned and listed company, meaning that anyone can share in the potential price appreciation of its shares and can receive a portion of company profits when dividends are declared. This company is a public utility, which means it has a monopoly in the del ivery of service to the public.In return for the benefits of not having any competition, the government regulates how much profit the company can make. Normally, the regulated price that it sells its services to the public depends on the rate of return or profit the company will make and that is controlled by the government. In theory, without government regulation, Meralco could charge whatever price it wanted and the public would have no choice but to pay or not have electric service. But Meralco prices are under government control.Therefore, the government has an obligation to keep the price charged as low as possible to serve the outstrip public interests while, at the same time, allow enough return to keep the company financially sound, able to expand and enhance company business interests and allow the shareholders to make money on their investment. V. Conclusion A public utility must serve both the public interest and the interest of its investors. However, because of the go vernment control of pricing, it is the absolute obligation of government regulators to nurture and serve the public interest.It is not the railway line of the Meralco management to comfort the public. That is the governments job. It is not the job of government to protect the Meralco shareholders. That is the managements job. Then, after the regulations are set, it is managements responsibility to protect shareholder interests within the boundaries that the regulators establish. If we were the shareholder of Meralco, we want the company to charge P50 per kilowatt-hour so my company can make a lot of profit. As a consumer, we want the government to keep electricity prices as low as possible while insuring reliable service.Any reasonable person can see that there can be an inherent conflict of interest in those two positions. That is why public utilities function best when privately owned and operated and regulated by the government. VI. References 1. http//rp1. abs-cbnnews. com/vi ews-and-analysis/05/29/08/meralco-what-issue-really-john-mangun 2. http//www. rappler. com/business/10737-electricity-prices-in-ph-likely-to-stay-high-in-the-short-term 3. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Meralco 4. http//www. bizlinksphilippines. net/102312. htmlPolytechnic University of the Philippines College of Accountancy Sta. Mesa, Manila Meralcos Pricing An Assessment ECON 2023 Submitted to Submitted By Janine Simbulan Christian Derrick Villafranca Ma. Margarita Matawaran Jemilyn Milan Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Methodology III. Discussion A. Overview of the Monopoly a. 1 Definition of the Monopoly a. 2 Characteristics of Monopoly B. Meralco and Pricing b. 1 Retail price composition b. 2 Price as compared to other countries D. Governments intervention to Pricing IV. Refenrences