The Yellow Wallpaper :: essays research papers

In The Yellow Wall idea, a short story by Charlotte Gilman, there are many symbols within the text that i can construe a myriad of ways. One of the most prominent and perhaps the most important symbol is the titled yellow cover. To the main character, Jane, the wallpaper is at first a nuisance, then an obsession, and finallysalvation. The material of the paper itself represents Janes everyday life. The illogical pattern that decorates it, reflects the absence of logic in her mind. The very comment of the paper depicts the illness that yellows her sight and imprisons her within an unpredictable life. The wallpaper is at first a great annoyance to Jane she claims that it is confusing and contradicting. Because her disease confuses her mind and contradicts her logic, the paper parallels her mental state at this point. Desperately attempting to unravel themystery she imagines in the wallpaper, she becomes obsessed with deciphering its meaning. As her illness progresses, she begins to hallucinate and finally concludes that there is a fair sex trapped within that pointless pattern. Jane knows that she is the only ifone who can see the woman and, therefore, the womans only chance of freedom. Slowly detaching from reality, Jane becomes the woman within the paper not only because of her obsession with it, but because of its parallel to her own life. In her final step toward in sanity, she tears the paper off the walls to release the woman and herself. When her husband finds her, with the wallpaper and her sanity about her feet, she forcefully exclaims, Ive got out at last...in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back.

Jourody Free Essay Importance of the Journey in Homers Odyssey :: Odyssey essays

Importance of the Journey in Homers Odyssey       In the Odyssey, by Homer, Odysseuss main goal was to reach home. Even though all of his thoughts were turned towards his home and family, he learned many lessons along the way. Odysseuss greatest learning experiences were in his journey, not his destination.   One of Odysseuss biggest challenges was to resist lure. The first temptation Odysseus and his men encountered was the sweet lotos plant, They fell in, soon enough, with Lotos Eaters, who showed no will to do us harm, only offering the sweet Lotos to out friends... (IX. 98-100). Eating the plant did not seem like a bad idea, but resisting was a much wiser option, ...but those who ate this honeyed plant, the Lotos, never cared to report, nor return they longed to stay forever, brow verbalize on that primordial bloom, forgetful of their homeland (IX. 101-104). If they had eaten the plant, they never would have gotten home. Another great temptation th ey had to withstand was the Seirênês. The Seirênês would tempt the men to them with their beauty and music, real in your ships path are Seirênês, crying beauty to bewitch men coasting by... (XII. 101-104). If men did not resist, they would fall into the Seirênês clutches and die, Woe to the not guilty who hears that sound He will not see his lady nor his children in joy, crowding about him, home from sea the Seirênês will sing his mind away on their sweet meadow lolling... (XII. 50-54). The biggest temptation that Odysseus had to defy was from the sea nymph, Kalypso, I fed him, loved, him, sang that he should not die or grow old ever, in all the days to come (V. 1420143). Kalypso wanted to have Odysseus as her husband, but all he could think of was home, Meanwhile he lives and grieves upon that island in thralldom to the nymph he cannot stir, cannot fare homeward... (V. 15-17). Odysseus resisted, and was not completely unfaithful to his wife. If he had not resisted temptation, he would have been on the island of the Lotos Eaters, dead, or without a wife.   Next, Odysseus learned that greed would never result in any good.

Charles Dickens Contempt for Lawyers Revealed Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Charles heller Contempt for Lawyers Revealed keen Expectations Charles Dickens viewed lawyers as being mean, cruel, and relatively heartless (Collins 175). Throughout much of Dickens literature, lawyers are stereotyped through characters and these characters are used as a means of commentary round the lawyers of the time. Jaggers, from the novel Great Expectations, seems non to be an exception. Through the character of Jaggers, an understanding of Dickens view of early nineteenth-century lawyers can be obtained. Dickens felt that lawyers were overly concerned with power and non concerned enough about truth. Through Jaggers, the first evidence of this claim can be seen by his name alone. By sound, the name Jaggers creates an image of something that cuts. In a similar vein, Jaggers closely resembles jagged which portrays a rough and sharp image. The images produced by this name aptly describe the business attitude of Jaggers, an attitude that Dickens seems to rever e as efficient, but condone as heartless. The first meeting with score reinforces the idea of Jaggers as the power-centered lawyer. In explaining his presence t present to Pip, Jaggers states, If my advice had been asked, I should not have been here (140 ch. 18). After reading about the business that Jaggers is there to conduct, this statement begins to take on some meaning. Jaggers is saying that if he were asked, he would not advise anyone to throw away such money on a trivial charity case. Jaggers, wrapped up in the power of his profession, could not by chance advise such a careless handling of money. For Jaggers, power is not about helping the little man for charitable purposes. Dickens seems to suggest here ideas about how power has corrupted the intentions of lawyers, people who are in a position to help those in need. Even Jaggers mannerisms seem to suggest the image of power. For example, Pip observes Jaggers eating a sandwich and comments that he seemed to bully his sandwich as he ate (167 ch. 20). It is as if Dickens wants to make a point about how lawyers are power hungry all of the time, even in the handling of their inanimate meals. The way that Jaggers bullies his sandwich is not unlike how he bullies the clients that he is mantic to be serving.

Childhood Obesity Essay -- Obesity in Adolescents

Childhood ObesityIntroductionThe past several decades fox seen an escalating trend in the rate of childishness obesity not only in the United States where 25%-30% of children are affected, but as well in some(prenominal) of the industrialized nations. Childhood obesity has continued to be a major(ip) issue in the public health care system. The economic cost of the medical checkup expenses as well as the lost income resulting from the complications of obesity both in children and adults has been estimated at almost $100 billion (Barnes, 2011). Overweight children are more dispose to the danger of becoming overweight in their adulthood unless they ensure healthier eating habits and exercise. It is worth noting that the current lifestyle in which many children spend a lot of time watching television as well as the consumption of sugary and fatty foods has significantly contributed to the high prevalence of childhood obesity.Regarding the causes of childhood obesity, several theor ies of etiology including genetic, developmental, and environmental, have been proposed. Despite the prevalence of childhood obesity rising dramatically over the past 3 or 4 decades, major challenges still face the fight against the condition due to its underdiagnosis and undertreatment. It is worth noting that with careful physical examination and evaluation of disease history, unnecessary diagnostic procedures and the need for high-ticket(prenominal) equipment can be avoided. Given the rising concern about childhood obesity, this paper will discuss several issues. These include the history, epidemiology, etiology, course and prognosis onset, and how the trouble is represented in the DSM IV TR with its associated features.History of childhood obesityThe health risks associated with ob... ... and substance abuse in the DSM-IV. Therefore, some people have strongly suggested that childhood obesity be regarded as a food addiction which has a psychological origin and thus deserves t o be fully represented in the DSM-IV TR (OBrien & Volkow, 2007).It is also vital to note that despite the increasing association amid obesity and mental health, this relationship has been inconsistently confirmed in literature. For instance, researchers have established that as a child grows to yound adulthood, the prevalence of obesity and depression increases. Certain prospective studies and a significant number of cross sectional studies have alluded to the link between obesity and depression. However, a precise summary of the links between the two conditions is unavailable in literature (Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences Management & Yagnik, 2009, p. 4).

hGH’s Effects on AIDS Wasting Syndrome :: Biology Biological Research Papers

hGHs Effects on aid Wasting Syndrome As for the fact that the disease tends to experience death, this is a matter of small significance. Life itself tends to let death living is a sort of gradual dying. All that distinguishes what is known is known as a healthy man from what is known as a diseased man is that the latter promises to die sooner and even this probability is not always borne forbidden by the event. H.L. Mencken What is Human Growth Hormone?. When asked to count on about the human growth hormone (hGH) and its uses, galore(postnominal) would envision an abnormally short man or woman who needs the hormone in coordinate to grow to an average height. And in fact, this is one of the hGHs most vital functions, yet there be many more uses for the hormone, unknown to much of the full general public. Human growth hormone is a protein consisting of one hundred and ninety one amino acids and possessing a molecular weight of 21,700 (http//www.eng.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/B iotech-Environ/FUNDAMNT/human.htm). It is produced in the pituitary secretor of humans, where if functioning normally, it is secreted continuously throughout a persons lifetime. The hormone promotes growth throughout adolescence and has a major role in the metabolism of adults (http//www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm). hGH has many uses including the treatment of hypopituitary dwarfism, bone fractures, tans, and bleeding ulcers. In fact, until 1988 hGH was only used to treat those with growth hormone insufficiency, caused by a limited supply of the hormone (http//www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm). However, with the general infection of the HIV virus, hGH has experimentally and effectively been found to benefit those suffering from AIDS wasting syndrome. What is AIDS Wasting Syndrome?. Often nicknamed slim disease in parts of Africa, wasting syndrome, in which there is intense loss of lean body mass, is killing tidy sum with AIDS. It is now the second most freq uently report AIDS-related clinical condition in the United States, second only to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (Weinroth, 1995). In wasting syndrome, the body begins to burn lean body mass and fat sort of of the normal energy, making the body more susceptible to deadly infections. (http//www.critpath.org/newsletter/wtp/0496/growth.htm). The weight loss is real often associated with chronic weakness, constant diarrhea, and/or prolonged, undetermined fever (Weinroth, 1995).AIDS wasting arises in about 15-40% of late-stage AIDS cases (http//www.critpath.org/newsletter/wtp/0496/growth.htm). There is, however, a higher item among women, Hispanics, and intravenous drug users.hGHs Effects on AIDS Wasting Syndrome Biology Biological Research PapershGHs Effects on AIDS Wasting Syndrome As for the fact that the disease tends to produce death, this is a matter of small significance. Life itself tends to produce death living is a sort of gradual dying. All that distinguishes what is known is known as a healthy man from what is known as a diseased man is that the latter promises to die sooner and even this probability is not always borne out by the event. H.L. Mencken What is Human Growth Hormone?. When asked to think about the human growth hormone (hGH) and its uses, many would envision an abnormally short man or woman who needs the hormone in order to grow to an average height. And in fact, this is one of the hGHs most vital functions, yet there are many more uses for the hormone, unknown to much of the general public. Human growth hormone is a protein consisting of one hundred and ninety one amino acids and possessing a molecular weight of 21,700 (http//www.eng.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/FUNDAMNT/human.htm). It is produced in the pituitary gland of humans, where if functioning normally, it is secreted continuously throughout a persons lifetime. The hormone promotes growth throughout adolescence and has a major role in the metabolism of adults ( http//www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm). hGH has many uses including the treatment of hypopituitary dwarfism, bone fractures, burns, and bleeding ulcers. In fact, until 1988 hGH was only used to treat those with growth hormone insufficiency, caused by a limited supply of the hormone (http//www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm). However, with the widespread infection of the HIV virus, hGH has experimentally and effectively been found to benefit those suffering from AIDS wasting syndrome. What is AIDS Wasting Syndrome?. Often nicknamed slim disease in parts of Africa, wasting syndrome, in which there is intense loss of lean body mass, is killing people with AIDS. It is now the second most frequently reported AIDS-related clinical condition in the United States, second only to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (Weinroth, 1995). In wasting syndrome, the body begins to burn lean body mass and fat instead of the normal energy, making the body more susceptible to deadly infect ions. (http//www.critpath.org/newsletter/wtp/0496/growth.htm). The weight loss is very often associated with chronic weakness, constant diarrhea, and/or prolonged, unexplained fever (Weinroth, 1995).AIDS wasting arises in about 15-40% of late-stage AIDS cases (http//www.critpath.org/newsletter/wtp/0496/growth.htm). There is, however, a higher occurrence among women, Hispanics, and intravenous drug users.

hGH’s Effects on AIDS Wasting Syndrome :: Biology Biological Research Papers

hGHs personal effects on acquired immune deficiency syndrome Wasting Syndrome As for the feature that the disease tends to produce death, this is a matter of small significance. Life itself tends to produce death living is a sort of gradual dying. All that distinguishes what is know is known as a healthy man from what is known as a diseased man is that the latter(prenominal) promises to die so unrivalledr and even this probability is not always borne out by the event. H.L. Mencken What is Human Growth Hormone?. When asked to think about the human harvest-time hormone (hGH) and its uses, many would envision an abnormally unawares man or woman who needs the hormone in order to grow to an average height. And in fact, this is one of the hGHs most vital functions, save there are many more uses for the hormone, unknown to much of the general public. Human outdevelopment hormone is a protein consisting of one hundred and ninety one amino acids and possessing a molecular system o f weights of 21,700 (http//www.eng.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/FUNDAMNT/human.htm). It is produced in the pituitary gland of humans, where if functioning normally, it is secreted continuously throughout a persons lifetime. The hormone promotes growth throughout adolescence and has a major role in the metabolism of adults (http//www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm). hGH has many uses including the treatment of hypopituitary dwarfism, bone fractures, burns, and exhaust ulcers. In fact, until 1988 hGH was only used to treat those with growth hormone insufficiency, caused by a limited supply of the hormone (http//www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm). However, with the widespread infection of the HIV virus, hGH has by experimentation and effectively been found to benefit those suffering from AIDS blow syndrome. What is AIDS Wasting Syndrome?. Often nicknamed slim disease in parts of Africa, wasting syndrome, in which there is intense loss of lean consistency m ass, is killing people with AIDS. It is now the second most frequently reported AIDS-related clinical condition in the United States, second only to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (Weinroth, 1995). In wasting syndrome, the torso begins to burn lean body mass and fat instead of the normal energy, making the body more susceptible to deadly infections. (http//www.critpath.org/newsletter/wtp/0496/growth.htm). The weight loss is very often associated with chronic weakness, constant diarrhea, and/or prolonged, unexplained fever (Weinroth, 1995).AIDS wasting arises in about 15-40% of late-stage AIDS cases (http//www.critpath.org/newsletter/wtp/0496/growth.htm). There is, however, a higher occurrence among women, Hispanics, and intravenous drug users.hGHs Effects on AIDS Wasting Syndrome Biology Biological Research PapershGHs Effects on AIDS Wasting Syndrome As for the fact that the disease tends to produce death, this is a matter of small significance. Life itself tends to produce dea th living is a sort of gradual dying. All that distinguishes what is known is known as a healthy man from what is known as a diseased man is that the latter promises to die sooner and even this probability is not always borne out by the event. H.L. Mencken What is Human Growth Hormone?. When asked to think about the human growth hormone (hGH) and its uses, many would envision an abnormally short man or woman who needs the hormone in order to grow to an average height. And in fact, this is one of the hGHs most vital functions, yet there are many more uses for the hormone, unknown to much of the general public. Human growth hormone is a protein consisting of one hundred and ninety one amino acids and possessing a molecular weight of 21,700 (http//www.eng.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/FUNDAMNT/human.htm). It is produced in the pituitary gland of humans, where if functioning normally, it is secreted continuously throughout a persons lifetime. The hormone promotes growth thro ughout adolescence and has a major role in the metabolism of adults (http//www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm). hGH has many uses including the treatment of hypopituitary dwarfism, bone fractures, burns, and bleeding ulcers. In fact, until 1988 hGH was only used to treat those with growth hormone insufficiency, caused by a limited supply of the hormone (http//www.novo.dk/backgrou/backgrou/bahghuk.htm). However, with the widespread infection of the HIV virus, hGH has experimentally and effectively been found to benefit those suffering from AIDS wasting syndrome. What is AIDS Wasting Syndrome?. Often nicknamed slim disease in parts of Africa, wasting syndrome, in which there is intense loss of lean body mass, is killing people with AIDS. It is now the second most frequently reported AIDS-related clinical condition in the United States, second only to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (Weinroth, 1995). In wasting syndrome, the body begins to burn lean body mass and fat instead of the normal energy, making the body more susceptible to deadly infections. (http//www.critpath.org/newsletter/wtp/0496/growth.htm). The weight loss is very often associated with chronic weakness, constant diarrhea, and/or prolonged, unexplained fever (Weinroth, 1995).AIDS wasting arises in about 15-40% of late-stage AIDS cases (http//www.critpath.org/newsletter/wtp/0496/growth.htm). There is, however, a higher occurrence among women, Hispanics, and intravenous drug users.

Chains Book Report

Chains Summer Reading and Book Report In the year of 1776, America was overmuch different than it is today. keystone then, we were ruled by the British Royal Family, and we only had a total of thirteen colonies. Chains was based in the clipping of slavery and of the basal War. Isabel and shame were slaves for Miss Finch in her will, Miss Finch wrote for the sisters to be freed once she had passed. After the funeral, the will could not be acquired. Now the girls were slaves, not free. After this unfortunate event, Isabel was confident that she could visualize the lawyer who had written the will to prove that they were free.The sisters were then returned to the slave market and sold to the Locktons, together. The relationship between the British Government and the American Colonies started to crumble. There were several(prenominal) reasons for this. Some people in the Colonies, like the Locktons, hadnt yet decided which side they are on, Loyalists or Patriots, so they played on b oth. These people, the half pats, would get teaching from America that would be useful in the time of war, and transmit this information to the British Government. This information proved to be crucial to help the Patriots win the Revolutionary War.The Patriots desperately wanted their independence, because thither was an official religion and mostly, of the incredibly heavy taxes set in America. New York City was very different than it is today no taxis, no Time Square, and absolutely no skyscrapers, but there was tension in the air as if something on a large scale was about(predicate) to occur. There were grand mansions on the street corners, people going to the shops in carriages, and mostly there were slaves. During the time of war, soldiers were rummaging through houses looking for eitherthing made of lead, for ammunition.The Loyalists and the Patriots were both utilize spies to help them come to the advantage in the Revolutionary War. The British Government was utilise t he Locktons as well as other half pats, while the Patriots were using Isabel and other slaves for spies. Many of the half pats were under surveillance by the continental army during the time of the Revolutionary War. The first major theme of Chains is determination, as a result of Isabel being very firm to find the lawyer that had written Miss finchs will to prove that she and her sister were free.Even though Mr. Roberts acquired the sisters from Miss Finch, he sold the sisters to the Locktons. Isabel told Mr. Roberts that in Miss Finchs will the sisters should be freed. He informed Isabel that was a lie and said she couldnt read. Isabel still was very determined to prove him wrong. The moment important theme is patience. If it wasnt for Isabel having abundant patience, then the sisters wouldnt be in the place that they are now. Isabel worked every day for hours upon hours and did not complain about anything.She would clean, sweep, wash, dry and any other job that Master or Madam Lockton needed, yet still she had patience that something great would finally happen to them. The third major theme of this watchword is family. When Isabel and Ruths mother died, all of her belongings were given to the girls, but once Miss Finch passed, those belonging werent Isabels and Ruths anymore. When they were sold, Isabel took some flower seeds to plant as a memoir of their mother. As if it couldnt get any worse, Ruth was then separated from Isabel to be Madam Locktons personal slave.Family was very important because since Isabel lost Ruth, she has no family left. Chains could greatly heighten the world today. First, if we all learned to appraise all of our belongings and not crave more and more, then we would all be a completely modify people. In the book, Isabel was taken from her former home and put in a new dwelling with basically nothing. The only thing that Isabel and Ruth were able to moment were a handful of their mothers flower seeds. Ruth didnt even get to gr ab her precious doll that her mother had made for her before she had passed.Secondly, if we started to spend more time with our family, then the world could be changed as well. The only family that Isabel and Ruth had was their mother, and when she passed they had no one left, not one single family member they knew. Lastly, if we were all as determined as Isabel was, then the world would also be forever changed. We would be determined to finish homework on time, get good grades on tests, and mostly, be determined to follow the golden rule. Treat others like you would like to be treated. If that happened, then there would be no murders, no stealing, basically no crime, and in schools no bullying.Isabel was so determined to find her former owners will to prove they were free. If she couldnt find the will the consequences would be life as a slave. I palpate as if I am changed on the inside, because all that Isabel and Ruth went through was so extreme. If I was in their place, I would probably not be as determined, or as courageous as either of them. I can definitely relate to Isabel, because it appeared Ruth had special needs. It seemed she did not talk very much and when she did it sounded as if she was in her own little world.I relate to this because I have a brother with special needs. I feel responsible to keep an nitty-gritty on him, help him, and mostly protect him. Like Isabel I need to protect him from from the dangers of other people and of many items that could harm him. I really started to appreciate most things that we take for granted like having a family, the house that I live in, my iPad, my iPod and my phone, and a bed. Isabel and Ruth were explaining that to make their bed more firm they would attention deficit disorder corn husk to it, while we all complain about springs or foam.All of the little things that we dont really notice all come into play when theyre gone. I already knew that slavery was quite a big deal, but after reading it from a slaves point of view totally changes what I though was real history. I also didnt realize that the tension between the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain was so large. I didnt know that the British government were using Loyalists as half pats to gain information from the patriots. This book helped me learn so much about the relationship between the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain.I really did love this book but there were a couple of things that didnt quite make sense to me, like, what did Mr. Roberts do to the will at the beginning? Or did he do anything to it at all? The briny part that I did dislike very much was when they would talk and they would use slang words, and I would get lost and have to reread to finally understand. general this was an excellent book. It described the tension between the Colonies and Great Britain, why the Patriots and the Loyalists split, why the Loyalists still remained in the Colonies, and why the Patriots sought independence and freedom.In c onclusion Chains tells us to appreciate the things that we have and the people that we love. This book is not just a book that has a story that goes along with it, it is a moral that we all should patronize by. Just think, if we all followed all of the themes and morals in this book, we could say we are pretty close to perfect. To be and to follow all of the themes and morals are to the highest degree impossible but if we believe that we can, we can achieve anything.

Black man and white women Essay

Black man and white women in dark green row boat The story Black Man and ashen Women in Dark Green Rowboat, written by Russell Banks, is about an interracial relationship on the brink of disaster. The story opens up on an super hot day in August at a trailer park that is right next to a lake with a variety of people who receive there. I was not immediately aware that the black man and the white woman were the focus of the story, but those characters gradually emerged and thats when things started to get interesting.It becomes very unadorned that white women want to control everything in the relationship and doesnt iew the black man as an equal partner. Before they meet at the beach, the white women walks up in her bikini holding her towel, fashion magazine, and tanning lotion with her blonde hair swinging side to side. I automatically start to view her as an egotistical person. When the white women encounters the black man at the beach, she helps him push the boat to the water, b ut instead of helping him push the boat all the way from shore, she hops in it before her feet had even got wet.He was left to not only push the boat himself, rolling his pant legs up, but also pushing her in it as well. While he is rowing the boat he realizes he didnt bring a hat and he is sweating. He wraps his shirt some his head and she explains to him that he looks like a sheik and a galley slave. To me this shows how she thinks of him as her hold romanticized slave that she can control. She even reassures him that she was not kidding by aspect no really. Honestly. (68).The man continues to row and she says shes starting to put on weight and then she tells the man that she told her m separate about them and their situation, but she never looked at him when she was talking to him. Her eyes were closed and directed oward the sun. She isnt treating him like she cares she is Just caring on with her sun bathing. Then she tells him that she is going to have an stillbirth that af ternoon. She does this without even asking the man if thats what he wants to do.Even after he expresses hatred towards the situation and basically tells her he wants her to keep the baby she doesnt listen. She Just insists that everything will return to normal when its done. He asks her what happened and she brushes the question off and explains her mother is 0k with him. You can tell he cares about her mothers opinion f him as he wants the reassurance that her mother actually likes him. The woman explains her mother Just thinks she is fragile from depression.Honestly I feel like the women had had other abortions and Just didnt want to be honest with the man. After some time had passed, the woman asks him how long he was going to fish. He tells her about an mo and offers to row her to a swimming spot if she would rather swim. She turns down the offer and shows appoint to mention the fact that she has to be back in time to make it to her abortion later that afternoon again aking it k todayn she is making this decision on ner own.The women sta rts looking through her magazine while the man continued for a few more casts then he finally gave up and said, No sense fishing when the fish aint feeding. The whole point is undercover work fish, right? (71). This is the mans turning point. I think he realized that the relationship he was in was kind of like fishing, there was no point in him being with her if she didnt want to locomote on to the next level. Before rowing back into shore, he said he wished he could Just leave here there. She gets very nervous when he said hat and tells him they have to go back.Thats when the man decided that it was time to move on with his life and he said, You mean, you have to go back. (71). He rows back and all the people are carrying on like they were before except now things are changing for them. The White woman goes with her towel and magazine to have her abortion and back to living with her mother, while the Black man goes on his own separate way while watching the women leave.

Commentary on Ten Trillion and Counting

Commentary on Ten Trillion and Counting The icon is a well demonstration of debt issues that the U. S. regime faces. It starts with the tough economic condition that Obama inherited from Bush. Then, it talks about Bushs centerpiece economic docket cut taxes, as well as the way Bush always cast politics ahead of economics. After a serious of expenses related to 2 big wars two enormous tax cuts and a variety of new entitlement program signed by Bush had been spent, the economic began to go down.He not completely squandered the entire bud work over surplus he had inherited, but started to confronting a stubborn recession and a steadily escalating budget shortage. Next, the video shows the bitterly supporter fight over Obamas expensive economic retrieval plan. The Republicans worried about if the plan goes well, they will get no credits for anything they have done. So they strongly disagree with this huge amount of recovery expenses. The main issue regarding of this plan is about reform healthcare in order to save specie in the long run.However, it is difficult to persuade interest groups and politicians who have been battling over healthcare for a long time. Besides, it is especially tough to talk to Americans about the government are going to spend less on benefits in a recession time. In the end, this video talks about Obamas budget, and the rigorous debt shortfall condition that the U. S. is going through. The reason I think the Ten Trillion and Counting is a well explanation of the debt deficit is because I learned a lot from this video. Before I watched this video I have no idea about the serious debt deficit problem that the U.S. is facing right now. The save thing I realized from my personal experience is that the U. S. government has relaxed the policy regarding to the threshold of international assimilator. Several years ago, it is not easy for Chinese student to go abroad. Which reflects that the U. S. government rightfully wants to stimulate the economy by increase more demand. International student is a good resource of money. Another elicit thing I found in my daily life is that not only numerous retailers put advertisement like buy 2 get 2 free, some luxury brand starts to go on sale as well.It is rarely to see decades ago for a brand like Burberry put promotion in front of its showcase. From this perspective, peoples buying power has decreased sharply. Which results in less investments and staffs cut-off made by companies. In addition, a really serious recession was already happened. The stock market collapse, the banking system is imploded. Although keep borrowing from foreign countries is a way to buffer these problems, it is not a steadfast way to solve the economy. So the U. S.Government needs to take some actions to decrease debt deficit. According to the video, there are two ways to reduce deficit, either by higher taxes or lower benefits. Today, forty percent of budget pays for Medicare, Medicaid and Socia l Security. However, the first baby boomer is getting retired sooner and they are claiming early hideaway for social security. Moreover, as they grow order, they will make claims on Medicare. The U. S. government cannot afford these promises made before, especially in this kind of terrible economic downswing conditions.The Obamas administration tries to bring deficit down by reforming healthcare in order to save money in the long run. In my opinion, the recovery plan needs to have a try. As Obama said the most important things we can do for our budget crisis right now is to make true the economy does not continue to tank. And that is why passing the economic recovery plan is the right thing to do. Even though it is expensive. In the short run, the debt deficit may tend to be bigger than Bushs time. But after the healthcare has been taken, the economy will benefits in the long run.

Hunger Games essay Essay

The Hunger Games is a fictional book, which establishes the relationship between the protagonist Katniss, and the protagonist Peeta. Katniss is a 16 year old girl who lives in District twelve, Panem. She is the sole provider for her family and competes in the Hunger Games, a game where two people from each of the twelve districts are chosen to fight to the death. Peeta is a 16 year old boy who is also from District Twelve who competes in the Hunger Games with Katniss. Throughout the book there is great debate on whether Katniss and Peeta are in bash, or non in delight in.Katniss pretends to be in love with Peeta because it helps her in the Games, and it is an act of survival. Peeta on the other hand is deeply in love with Katniss. Throughout the book Katniss often finds herself making multiple references thorn to her friend, Gale, who has been her best friend for years. She wonders what life would be like with Gale. Katniss pretends to be in love with Peeta. She sees it as her on ly way of survival in the Games. When she and Peeta are in an affectionate state, the Capitol audience is suckleed.This results in her and Peeta getting both food and messages from their mentor Haymitch and their sponsors. Luckily, they entertain the audience enough to survive the games but towards the end of the book Peeta understands to Katniss, It was all for the games, how you acted. (Pg. 372) This is legitimate proof that Katniss only pretended to be in love with Peeta. base on much evidence from the book, it is revealed that Peeta is deeply in love with Katniss. Prior to the beginning of the Games, both Katniss and Peeta had to take part in a pre-game interview.In Peetas interview, he tells the audience how winning the games would not help his situation because he is deeply in love with Katniss. Katniss was not happy with Peetas statement, but later(prenominal) in the book calmly asks him, Peeta, you said at the interview youd had a crush on me forever. When did forever s tart? (Pg. 300) Peeta responded, Oh lets see. I guess the first day of school. We were five. You had on a red plaid dress and your hair it was in two braids instead of one. My father pointed your out. (Pg.300) This is the most heart-felt here and now between the two however Katniss only asked Peeta the question because she knew she had to keep entertaining the audience. Her strategy to manipulate Peetas emotions was a great advantage to her game. Katniss often makes references back to her friend Gale, her long time best friend that is back home in District Twelve. She has mixed feelings about him because when Katniss was about to leave for the games, Gale was saying legal bye to Katniss and was cut short with the slamming of a door.There are many misinterpretations about what Gale was trying to say to Katniss. Most people, including Katniss, think that he was about to say I love you. This unfinished sentence disturbs Katniss during the games when she has mixed feelings about Pe eta. Katniss thinks to herself, Gales not my boyfriend, but would he be, if I opened that door? (Pg. 280) Any soulfulness who is truly in love would not be thinking about other men in this way. Throughout the Hunger Games there is great let out on whether Katniss and Peeta are in love, or not.Katniss pretends to be in love with Peeta because it helps her in the Games, and she uses it as an act of survival. Peeta on the other hand, is deeply in love with Katniss. During the book Katniss often finds herself making multiple mentions back to her friend, Gale, who has been her best friend and hunting buddy for years. She wonders what life would be like if she was with him. Too conclude, Katniss and Peeta are not meant to be. They have completely different individualities and although it may seem that their pretend love is mutual, it is not.

Child Labor: A Growing Stigma Essay

claw labor is unity of the most controversial debates existing to mean solar day. It is an issue that is break throughout the world and has in some way or a nonher been apart of every country. One can non describe squirt labor using angiotensin converting enzyme specific definition because it has different meanings in almost every country. However, there is one common characteristic it possesses the lack of development in a country. feel at the world today, the economies of each country vary so greatly. Many of the less developed, financially unstable countries exploit young children into factories, workshops, and hazardous areas. These children are unable(p) to avoid this scandal because of the situation that many of them are put in. Since their birth, they are designated to work as young as five to support their family. Education is non an option because almost all of these countries have either no educational system or a pitiful, non-rewarding form of one. Therefore, kids a re trapped and do not have the ability to enjoy so many of the wonderful things children in more developed countries get to experience. By not promoting education, the children eventually grow into a society completely undeveloped and illiterate, furthermore continuing the ongoing process of child labor promoting itself.Smaller countries are not the only ones that have been affected by child labor. Wealthier countries such as America have had a dark past with child labor like many of the present day third-world countries. In the early 1900s, America was industrializing itself and began developing assembly lines to mass-produce items. This was a stepping stone into changing the economy. The problem with this approach, however, was all of this was happening right around the sequence of World War I and the Great Depression.These two events caused widespread poverty to families throughout the United States. Children were obligate to work in terrible conditions because either their p aternity was at war or it was impossible to put food on the table with the lack of available jobs. So in effect, the poverty and lack of a developed economy promoted child labor to new heights. As Eric Edmonds, a professor from Dartmouth College states in the article Child Labor Sickness or Symptom, poverty, not child labor, is the real problem.Not only is child labor morally wrong, it is also physically debilitating. Children who work at these young ages are often leave with both physical and psychological problems. In India for example, children making silk thread are forced to put their hands in boiling water, causing burning and spicy to their hands. They are also forced to breathe in dangerous fumes from the machinery around them, and guide threads that cut their fingers. These are things that no human world should be forced to do, let alone a child. This is just one of many extremely hazardous jobs that children all over the world are demanded to do behind closed doors.So w hat can be done about all of this injustice across the world? The International Labor Organization was complete back in 1919 specifically to globally change the way that owners regulate work codes. This organization estimates that there are currently two hundred 46 million children working between the ages of five and seventeen. Of those numbers, approximately one hundred seventy-nine million are involved in the worst forms of child labor. The ILO gathering Number 182 was specifically designed to eliminate the worst forms of child labor in many of the smaller, third-world countries. Many nations have ratified this convention, but can not necessarily enforce it.There are both good and bad reasons for this response. The good side is obviously the fact that the principle behind exploiting children is attempted to be abolished. The downside to this is that in definite cases, children are better off slaving away in a factory then elsewhere. If they are forced out of this position, th e children could in term of enlistment become part of militia groups, or worse, prostitution rings. The primary reason for the problems associated with reforms is that many times the people making these ratifications do not fully report the lack of educational opportunities for many children in these countries. The principle behind this convention may seem beneficial at first, but can also be a death sentence for many children.There are exceptions to child labor in small instances all over the world. Even now in America, the Amish still use children to work in stores and farms. The article Labor Laws An Amish Exception, talks about how children are put to work to keep out of trouble. As one passage states, Asall Amish know, if boys are not working they will just be out on the street, up to no good. This is a in good order philosophy, but the problem with it lies in the fact that many of the materials and resources the Amish utilized are now becoming scarce and difficult to obtain . The inflated prices of land have forced children to work in workshops with dangerous equipment. This truly demonstrates the importance of developing a general education as a tool to use when a certain trade or skill becomes ineffective or obsolete.The only solution for child labor is for countries to develop. Once these societies begin establishing settlements for learning, technology and the economy will in turn advance in future generations. This continual growth will promote progression that will in turn eliminate the necessity for child labor in many cases. Obviously, this solution will take time and large amounts of money invested from outside organizations. The consequences of not doing anything, however, will simply further the problem. Child labor is something that will be around forever in some form or another, but it is an opposition we can defeat through a worldwide effort.

Is Sex Education Necessary in School

Is Sex Education Necessary in School? By Zainul Jumah Introducing sex education in the schools of India is an alpha issue. A 2007 ministry of women and child development national shows that over 50 percent of children are sexually abused. Sex is still considered a taboo in India. Parents palpate embarrassed to talk openly with their children in this regard. Due to the ignorance of sex education they fall victim to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Many NGOs are trying to create awareness on AIDS.Sex education can help people to take decisions regarding health and sexuality. It is high time for sex-education to the introduced in schools for the benefit of the youth of the country. Introducing sex-education in the schools of India is an important issue. Recommendations of the National plan frame work 2000 focus on cultivating a proper understanding of sex related issues with special focus on teenage pregnancies, drug addiction and adolescent education. A 2007 Ministry of women and child development study shows that over 50 percent of our children are sexually abused.In half of these cases, the abuse is perpetrated by persons in positions of faith and a majority of the children do not report it due to fear. Sex education has become a debatable issue. Many people feel that these variety show of delicate issues should be left to the parents. Parents feel embarrassed to talk openly with their children in this regard. Sex is still considered a taboo in the Indian society. It is considered that instruction our children well-nigh their sexuality can break down pre-existing notions of modesty and tear the moral fabric of our society.But with the alarming increase of AIDS, unwanted / unplanned / unmarried pregnancies and other diseases related to sex, it is important that sex-education should be given importance in schools and colleges. Physical and mental changes in children start appearing with puberty. Sexual development begins oft earlier than th at. Many children find it strange or difficult to cope up with the changes. They grow up with curiosity stamped on their minds. So it is very important to provide them sex education.It makes growing children aware of the various changes taking place in their bodies and prepare them for responsible adulthood. Surveys indicate that on an average, every urban pupil watches television for two hours daily. The foreign television channels, the vulgar scenes shown in Indian cinema and video albums create a negative impact on them. The cinema and serials on the small screen stimulate the younger generation sexually. Thus in the absence of sound knowledge about sex they commit mistakes which allow in unwanted pregnancies, HIV positive cases and other sexually transmitted diseases.In India 15 percent of the HIV/AIDS patients are actually children under 15 years of age. Sex education can help people to take decisions regarding health and sexuality. Teaching children about sex in classroom w ould encourage them to military position it as a natural, normal and healthy part of life. Sex education should be introduced in schools and colleges. If children and youngsters learn about sex in scientific and accusatory way, they would be more careful before indulging in sex secretly. At least they would be careful to take precautions so as to evacuate pregnancies and diseases.India, and most Asian countries, also fell behind Western countries on their level of confidence on how to protect themselves from HIV-AIDS (75. 3 percent), and even lower on level of confidence on how to avoid pregnancy (73 percent). Parents, in India, are known to hide their affection towards each other, in front of their children. The children grow up to believe that love is a taboo and it is perverse to showing ones affection in public. Parents should understand the psyche of their children. Parents should initiate their children in the meaning of love. The love they display for their children. y gi ving gifts, sharing and caring for them, should also be shown for each other by behaving like perfectly normal friends. Parents should talk with their children more a good subscribe to to give them the feeling of security in the family. This could make the children open up their problems and help the parents root out the cause. Interaction with the friends of their children also would give an idea about their background and the minds of the younger lot. The parents should take in their children as confidants and warm them against developing friendships with immoral friends.There has been a rise in incidents of physical abuse to children. According to a WHO study over 50 percent children commence faced one or more forms of sexual abuse. Children fall victim to the advances of elders. According to a survey, 50 percent children are abused by people known to them. They keep silent and live with the trauma throughout their lives. Sex education can deliver our young people with the to ols to report and resist abusive behaviors, and provide them with a forum for expressing their fears and feelings honestly and openly.In a world, full of exploitation, children are the most vulnerable component of our society. They need to be taught the difference between gentle touch and bad touch in order to protect themselves from various forms of child abuse. Many psychologists have argued that sex education has the potential to liberate us from socially organized sexual oppression. In addition it helps adolescents come to healthy terms with their sexual identities and catch feelings of guilt shame. During the period of adolescence children begin to see the world in a mature way.Many NGOs have introduced training programs on AIDS and HIV awareness. They should be encourage and the schools and colleges should co-operate with them to give the desired result. Schools life remains an integral part of every childs development. Along with the academic subjects, sex-education should be given equal importance. Trained teachers, psychologists and medical consultants should deal with the subject. While imparting sex-education the boys and girls should be divided into two groups (one for boys and other for girls).They should be taught separately. This way the lady teachers should teach girls and male teachers should teach boys. Children will not feel embarrassed. They will freely clarify their doubts and queries. Due care should be taken about the contents of the subject. This should be decided by a team of doctors and psychologists of the various(prenominal) field. It is high time for sex-education to be introduced in the educational curriculum. Sex education in schools would dispel many of the myths prevalent among school children. It will create a liberal thinking among youth.

Modes of Heat Transfer

DEFINITION OF HEAT TRANSFER Heat counterchange is power in transit due to temperature dissimilarity . Whenever there exists a temperature difference in a medium or between media, come alive move out moldiness occur. The basic requirement for enkindle transfer is the presence of temperature difference . There can be no net oestrus transfer between two mediums that are at the same temperature. The temperature difference is the driving thrust for heat transfer, just as the voltage difference is the driving force for electric current flow and pressure difference is the driving force for silver flow.The gait of heat transfer in a certain direction depends on the magnitude of the temperature gradient (the temperature difference per unit length or the post of change of temperature) in that direction. The larger the temperature gradient, the higher the rate of heat transfer PHYSICAL ORIGINS AND RATE EQUATIONSIt is important to understand the bodily mechanisms which underlie the h eat transfer modes and that we are able to use the rate equations that quantify the amount of energy being transferred per unit time.ConductionConduction can be imagined as a nuclear or molecular activity which involves the transfer of energy from the more energetic to the less energetic particles of a substance due to interactions between the particles. Explanation The physical mechanism of conduction is explained as follows Consider a boast in which there exists a temperature gradient and assume that there is no bulk motion. The gas may occupy the space between two surfaces that are maintained at different temperatures, as shown in Figure 1. 2.The temperature at any channelise is associated with the energy of gas molecules in proximity to the point. This energy is related to the random translational motion, as well as to the internal rotational and vibrational motions, of the molecules. high temperatures are associated with higher molecular energies, and when neighboring mo lecules collide, as they are eonianly doing, a transfer of energy from the more energetic to the less energetic molecules must occur. In the presence of the temperature gradient, energy transfer by conduction must then occur in the direction of decreasing temperature.This transfer is evident in the Figure 1. 2. The hypothetical plane at xo is constantly being crossed by molecules from above and below due to their random motion. However, molecules from above are associated with a larger temperature than those from below, in which case there must be a net transfer of energy in the positive x- direction. Hence, the net transfer of energy by random molecular motion may be thought of as diffusion of energy. It is possible to quantify heat transfer processes in call of appropriate rate equations.These equations may be used to compute the amount of energy being transferred per unit time. The rate equation for heat conduction is know as Fouriers Law. The rate equation for the one dimensio nal plane wall shown in Figure below, having a temperature distribution T(x) is given by (1. 1) The heat magnetic combine (W/m2) is the heat transfer rate in the x -direction per unit area perpendicular to the direction of transfer, and it is proportional to the the temperature gradient, dT/dx , in this direction. The proportionality constant k is a transport property known as the thermal conductivity (W/m.K) and is a characteristic of the wall material. The minus sign is a consequence of the fact that the heat is transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature. Under the steady state conditions shown in Figure 1. 3, where the temperature distribution is linear, the temperature gradient may be expressed as (1. 2) and the heat flux then (1. 3) or (1. 4) This equation provides a heat flux , that is, the rate of heat transfer per unit area. The heat rate by conduction qx(W), through a plane wall of area A is then the product of the flux and the area qx= . A.Convection takes place when energy is transferred from a surface to a fluid flowing over it as a result of a difference between the temperatures of the surface and the fluid. Convection heat transfer mode is comprised of two mechanisms * qualification transfer due to random molecular motion (diffusion) * Energy transferred by the bulk or macroscopic motion of the fluid ( advection) This fluid motion is associated with the conflate or collective movement of the large number of molecules. Such motion, in the presence of temperature gradient, contributes to the heat transfer.Because the molecules in the aggregate retain their random motion, the total heat transfer is then due to a superposition of energy transport by the random motion of the molecules and by the bulk motion of the fluid. Convection heat transfer may be classified according to the nature of the flow. * Forced convection takes place when the flow is caused by an external agent such as fan, pump or atmospheric winds. For example, consider the use of a fan to provide forced convection air cooling of hot electrical components on a stack of printed circle boards. Natural convection takes place when the flow is induced by density differences caused by the temperature variations in the fluid. For example, consider heat transfer that occurs from hot components on a tumid array of circuit boards in still air. * The rate equation for convection is known as Newtons law of cooling. This is given by (1. 5) * q is the convective heat flux (W/m2). Convective heat flux is proportional to the difference between the surface and temperatures, Ts and , respectively.The proportionality constant is termed the convection heat transfer coefficient. It depends on the surface geometry, the nature of the fluid motion, and the fluid involved. Any make of convection ultimately reduces to a study of the means by which h may be determined. Although consideration of these means is postponed to Chapter 6, convection heat transfer wil l frequently emerge as a boundary condition in the solution of conduction problems. In the solution of such problems we presume h to be known, using emblematic values gven in Table. * RADIATION Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter that is at a finite temperature. Radiation occurs not only from unfaltering surfaces but also from liquids and gases. Regardless of the form of the matter, the emission may be attributed to changes in the electron configurations of the constituent atoms or molecules. The energy of the radiation field is transported by electromagnetic waves. While the transfer of energy by conduction and convection requires the presence of a material medium, radiation does not. In fact, radiation transfer occurs most efficiently in a vacuum. Consider radiation transfer processes for the surface of Figure. 1. 4. Radiation that is emitted by the surface originates from the thermal energy of matter bounded by the surface, and the rate at which the energy is releas ed per unit area (W/m2) is termed the surface emissive power E. * There is an upper limit to the emissive power, which is prescribed by the Stefan-Boltzmann law (1. 6) * where Ts is the absolute temperature (K) of the surface and is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant ( = 5. 67 x 10-8 W/m2K 4). Such a surface is called an ideal radiator or black body. *

Meralco’s Pricing: an Assessment

I. Introduction Meralco is a internal monopoly. Natural monopoly exists when a firm is able to supply the issue forth market engage more expeditiously because of economies of scale that appropriate the firm to upseter its damage as it expands capacity. However, like any firm in a market situation where in that location is imperfect competition or in a less-than-competitive market, a natural-monopoly firm, when left to its take in, tends to limit its proceeds to a point where its margeal cost equals its marginal revenue provided charge a much nobleer determine than what would come prevailed when there is a upliftedly-competitive market.In a highly-competitive market, the discloseput tends to settle at a point where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, which likewise equals its price and where the social building block cost of productionion is the lowest possible because of competition. When the price is greater than unit cost and realises ar high, more firms wi ll come to compete in the market and drive down the price clog to where it is just equal to unit cost. When the price is below unit cost, the resulting losses will drive disclose some of the firm from the market, thus raising the price back again to where it is just equal to the unit cost of producing the product concerned.Because a natural monopoly, like any firm in an imperfect market, charges a price way above the equality of marginal cost and marginal revenue, it also produces at a certain level of verbotenput that is less than what would have prevailed when the market is highly competitive. These twin evils ( high price than undeniable and lower output than possible), which arise from the presence of a monopoly, withdraw for a very strong matter for disposal intervention. In line with this, the researchers ought to know if Meralco has really an absolute control over the output produced and indeed charge the highest price to increase their profit.They also want to know the basis of determine per kilowatt instant (kWh) and how do they implemented this to their consumer. II. Methodology The descriptive research method was used in this research, as it points out conditions and relationships that exist or do not exist. Furthermore, this method empha size of its more on descriptions rather than on judgments or interpretations. Descriptive research is thus a type of research that is primarily concerned with describing the nature or conditions and degree in detail of the present situation. (Landman, 199859)Descriptive data for research argon collected by use different methods. It may be presented qualitatively or in verbal forms or symbols, or quantitatively in mathematical symbols, depending upon the nature of the material and the purposes for which one is doing research. III. Respondents of the study The respondents of this study consisted of Meralco consumers and some people from the department of Energy (DOE). The above-mentioned respondents qual ified to the roughly needed criteria of the researchers, who were currently situated at the survey site. IV.Discussion A. Overview of Monopoly A. 1 Definition of monopoly Pure monopoly exists when a single firm is the sole producer of a product for which there atomic number 18 no close substitutes. A. 2 Characteristics of Monopoly Here are the main characteristics of pure monopoly a. Single seller. A pure, or absolute, monopoly is an industryin which a single firm is the sole producer of aspecific good or the sole supplier of a service thefirm and the industry are synonymous. b. No close substitutes. A pure monopolys product isunique in that there are no close substitutes.Theconsumer who chooses not to buy the monopolized product must do without it. c. Price maker. The pure monopolist controls the totalquantity supplied and thus has considerable controlover price it is a price maker (unlike a pure competitor,which has no such control and therefore is a pricetaker). The pure monop olist confronts the usualdownward-sloping product demand curve. It nominatechange its product price by changing the quantity ofthe product it produces. The monopolist will use this great power whenever it is positive to do so. d. Blocked entry.A pure monopolist has no immediatecompetitors because certain barriers keep potentialcompetitors from entering the industry. Those barriers may be economic, technological, legal, or ofsome early(a) type. But entry is totally blocked in puremonopoly. e. Nonprice competition. The product produced by a puremonopolist may be either standardized (as with naturalgas and electrical energy)or differentiated (aswith Windows orFrisbees). Monopolists that have standardized products engage mainly in public relationsadvertising, whereas those with differentiated productssometimes advertise their products attri only ifes.B. Meralco and set TheManila Electric Company,also known asMERALCO, is the Philippines largest electrical distributor of electrical p ower. The word MERALCO, is anacronymforManilaElectricRailroadAndLightCompany, which was the companys original name from 1903 to 1919. MERALCO is theMetro Manilas solo electric power distributor and holds the power distribution franchise for some 22 cities and 89 municipalities, including the self-coloured ofMetro ManilaandMega Manilaregion. B. 1 Retail price compositionIEC confirmed that the main component or 65 percent of the average of Meralcos sell pricing is the generation charge. Charges by independent power producers comprised 44 percent, National Power Corp. s transmission system billing was 35 percent, spot market pricing was 13 percent, and the ancillary service charge was 8 percent. The table below shows the composition of the total of retail price charged to consumers IEC also estimated that the embedded fuel costs comprised approximately 50 percent of the total generation charge, while the transmission charge comprised 9 percent of the average tariff.VAT and other t axes and statutory charges comprised 10 percent. Lastly, the distribution charge, which is the only part of electricity billing that goes to Meralco, comprised 16 percent of the average tariff. All other charges were thus collected by Meralco on behalf of third parties. B. 2 Price as Compared to other Countries IEC conducted a detailed survey and analysis of retail electricity tariffs and costs in 13 countries and two U. S. states, as well as a supplementary, less comprehensive meta-analysis of 27 countries in the Euro area and the 50 rest U. S. states.The 15 core markets in the survey included Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan (Kansai), Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia (WA), Sri Lanka, NZ, California (PGE), Hawaii, Canada (Ontario) and South Africa. For apiece of the core markets, retail tariffs were calculated for residential, commercial and industrial customers. IEC enumerated seven factors behind Meralcos pricing as compared to other countries subsidies , high intrinsic cost of supply, import-parity fuel, grid size/plant mix, higher(prenominal) financing cost, geographical challenges and cross-subsidy in transmission rates.Surprisingly, a number of countries in the study like Korea and Taiwan have electricity prices that are lower than Meralcos because of judicature policies that provide subsidies of up to 50 percent. The subsidies come in the change form of frozen tariffs, sale of fuel to utilities at below market rates, and utility losses bring up by the disposal. IEC tell that Meralcos estimated cost of supply was in the top quintile (9th highest and 19 percent above the average) among the 44 markets surveyed.The cost of producing and delivering electricity in Luzon (and in the Philippines, more generally), it opinems, was intrinsically high largely because of the high price of imported fossil fuel. Interestingly, IEC also pointed to the relatively small grid size, geographic challenges of transmission and higher cost of financing costs as reasons for high intrinsic cost of electricity that Meralco sells. If fact, IEC noted that cardinal of the 10 highest cost markets in the survey are island nation/states, and this factor may be a sound cost multiplier.Because 80 percent of power generation in Luzon was fuelled with imported fuels, electricity prices are expected to remain high. This is the reality of a country that is dependent on imported fuels. Also, the Luzon grid size is smaller and therefore had a high dependence on hydro which requires a higher re advert margin requirement. The weighted average cost of capital in the Philippine power sector is higher than most countries in the region. Debt cost is relatively high and loan tenors are shorter. Transmission costs are also inherently high as power has to be transmitted across some(prenominal) islands.Lastly, the higher cost of transmission to consumers in the Visayas is supportd by consumers in the Luzon grid. A study conducted by the compan y and accredited by Meralco found that at the beginning of 2012 the Philippines had the 2nd highest electricity rates in the region and the 9th highest out of 44 international markets. In the study, which was standardized for type of customer, time period, currency price and resource rates, he came to a number of conclusions about why consumer electricity rates in the Philippines are relatively high for the region and internationally.Several of the issues dont seem to have a near term solution in sight. 1. The government doesnt subsidize energy. The main reason prices are likely to stay high is the Philippines bunst afford to subsidize its electricity as other countries in the region do,3/4 of the reason energy costs are high is because the government doesnt apply subsidies to keep tariffs artificially low. Several neighboring countries Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Korea and Taiwan all have lower tariffs because of government subsidies.He verbalise up to and sometimes over 50% of costs in these countries are subsidized since government policies freeze tariffs, sell fuel at below market rates and make government articulatio humeri note losses. 2. Its expensive to produce energy in the Philippines. Philippine power generation relies largely on imported fuel pegged to high international fuel prices, The country is making efforts to explore more of its own natural gas resources, but finding deposits and setting up production facilities will take years. In the meantime, the country is reliant on high cost international fuel. 3. Challenging geography.Because the Philippines is made up of thousands of islands, it does not have a unified electricity grid and there are several providers. In principle, tell Morris, the bigger the grid the cheaper the cost which can be spread out among more customers. However he thought that creating a unified grid in the Philippines would be problematic given the terrain. He noted that transmission costs are more expensive becau se power has to be sent across several islands. IEC found that 8 of the 10 highest cost markets in the survey were island nations or states, which could be a fundamental cost multiplier. He said, It is expensive to make electricity, transmit it and distribute it in this country I cant see that problem changing in the next 20 years. 4. Ineffective plants. He pointed out that when some plants dont treat well, it is necessary to have a reserve plant, which means additional costs. The higher your reserve margin the higher the total cost of supply, he said. He added that the reserve margin of the Philippines was probably around 20% but should actually be between 33% to 35% since the country has had brownouts in the last year, which he said means you dont have enough capacity to meet reliable demand.C. Governments Intervention to Pricing Natural monopolies traditionally have been subject to rate regulation (price regulation), although the recent trend has been to deregulate wherever c ompetition seems possible. For example, long-distance telephone calls, natural gas distribution, wireless communications, cable television, and long-distance electricity transmission have been, to one degree or another, deregulated over the past several decades. And regulators in some states are beginning to allow new entrants to compete with existing topical anaesthetic anesthetic telephone and electricity providers.Nevertheless, state and local regulatory commissions still regulate the prices that most local natural gas distributors, regional telephone companies, and local electricity suppliers can charge. These locally regulated monopolies are commonly called public utilities. Meralco as Regulated Monopoly Meralco is a publicly owned and listed company, meaning that anyone can share in the potential price appreciation of its shares and can receive a portion of company profits when dividends are declared. This company is a public utility, which means it has a monopoly in the del ivery of service to the public.In return for the benefits of not having any competition, the government regulates how much profit the company can make. Normally, the regulated price that it sells its services to the public depends on the rate of return or profit the company will make and that is controlled by the government. In theory, without government regulation, Meralco could charge whatever price it wanted and the public would have no choice but to pay or not have electric service. But Meralco prices are under government control.Therefore, the government has an obligation to keep the price charged as low as possible to serve the outstrip public interests while, at the same time, allow enough return to keep the company financially sound, able to expand and enhance company business interests and allow the shareholders to make money on their investment. V. Conclusion A public utility must serve both the public interest and the interest of its investors. However, because of the go vernment control of pricing, it is the absolute obligation of government regulators to nurture and serve the public interest.It is not the railway line of the Meralco management to comfort the public. That is the governments job. It is not the job of government to protect the Meralco shareholders. That is the managements job. Then, after the regulations are set, it is managements responsibility to protect shareholder interests within the boundaries that the regulators establish. If we were the shareholder of Meralco, we want the company to charge P50 per kilowatt-hour so my company can make a lot of profit. As a consumer, we want the government to keep electricity prices as low as possible while insuring reliable service.Any reasonable person can see that there can be an inherent conflict of interest in those two positions. That is why public utilities function best when privately owned and operated and regulated by the government. VI. References 1. http//rp1. abs-cbnnews. com/vi ews-and-analysis/05/29/08/meralco-what-issue-really-john-mangun 2. http//www. rappler. com/business/10737-electricity-prices-in-ph-likely-to-stay-high-in-the-short-term 3. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Meralco 4. http//www. bizlinksphilippines. net/102312. htmlPolytechnic University of the Philippines College of Accountancy Sta. Mesa, Manila Meralcos Pricing An Assessment ECON 2023 Submitted to Submitted By Janine Simbulan Christian Derrick Villafranca Ma. Margarita Matawaran Jemilyn Milan Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Methodology III. Discussion A. Overview of the Monopoly a. 1 Definition of the Monopoly a. 2 Characteristics of Monopoly B. Meralco and Pricing b. 1 Retail price composition b. 2 Price as compared to other countries D. Governments intervention to Pricing IV. Refenrences

Anatomy and Physiology Comprehensive Final

The 2000-Meter Row A Case in Homeostasis Adapted from the National Center for Case scan Teaching in Science* by Nathan Strong At the start 1. Recall that Jims union and respiratory lay out atomic number 18 increased, he was sweating and that his mouth was dry before the raise began. Explain what is calamity to his autonomic dying(p) system (including which division is the most active) and specify exactly how those ANS responses are creating the symptoms noted.What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time? (8 points) In his autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic division was the most active before and during the washout because it is what prepares your embody for extra somatic activity. It aroused as he was preparing for the race because he was becoming much stressed and nervous. It started in the sympathetic sum of money group located in his hypothalamus, and from there led multiple places causing his symptoms.His increased heart rate started when the cardioacceleratory focus on in the Medulla oblongata sent impulses mastered the spinal cord to the preganglia and ganglionic neurons of the Cervical and T1-T3 spinal cord segments, thus the cardiac and pulmonary plexuses, which past leads to the heart and increases the rate at which it pumps. At the same time, his respiratory rate increased similarly. Impulses sent down his spinal cord through the preganglia and ganglionic neurons of the Cervical and T1-T3 spinal cord segments, to his cardiac and pulmonary plexuses, which then led to a higher breathing rate.The sweating is another response to the activating of his fight or f luminosity mode, the sympathetic division. His body perceived his nervousness as a press that there is a threat and he may begin to exert more postal code and in turn become hot, so it prepares for that by sweating in an effort to cool his body. His postganglionic fibers began to provide his sweat glands by releasing acetylcho line and activating his muscarinic receptors. The cause of his dry mouth was his preganglionic fibers which ascend to his superior cervical sympathetic ganglia and inhibited his salivary glands.Finally, during a time where the sympathetic division of the ANS has been activated, the blood prey to the digestive system will be restricted and temporarily restricts digestive activities. Then, in the urinary system, kidney public presentation is reduced, the detrusor urinae muscle of the bladder wall relaxes as the internal urethral sphincter contracts, which overall suspends the urinary system. whizz minute in 2. Consider the power stroke of rowing from the perspective of the actions at the shoulder and elbow joint joints.Create a t adapted that shows what muscles, under cut back of what restiveness, pull on what bones to cause each action. Be sure to overwhelm the action of fixating the shoulder blade and pulling it back. The first column for your table moldiness be the action. T his column should describe what is occurring in both English and anatomical terminology (see chapter 9). But and include those actions needed to row the boat. Points will be deducted for unneeded actions. See example below*. (15 points) implement Muscle Origin Insertion NerveMaintain Handle HeightAngular motion of the humerus at the shoulder Deltoid Clavicle, spine and acromion of scapula Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Axillary Nerve Pulls in concert The Shoulder BladesAdducts and rotates scapula downward Rhomboidmajor and minor Spinous lickes of C7 and T1-T5 Medial border of scapula Dorsal scapular Nerve Pulling The Handle Toward Your BodyFlexes the forearm at the hinge joint of the elbow Biceps brachii considerable clearance at supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula through the intertubercular groove, short head at coracoid process of scapula Radial tuberosity Musculocutaneous Nerve Pushing The Handle Away From BodyExtend the forearm at the hinge joint of the elbow Triceps b rachii Lateral head at posterior side of humerus, medial head at distal radial groove of humerus, long head at margin of the glenoid cavity olecranon process of the ulna Radial Nerve 3. Now, pick one of those muscles and trace their control from the appropriate school principal structure all the way to the NMJ. Be sure to include all intermediate structures, synapses, plexuses and nerves. (8 points) Movement of the simple begins in the cerebrum of the understanding, but more specifically in the frontal lobe, the pre motor cortex is relaying instructions to the primary motor cortex.The primary motor cortex contains the upper motor neurons whose axons will travel down the pyramids of the medulla oblongata and synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of spinal cord segments C5-C6. From there, the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-C6 form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, which splits into two divisions. We will follow the posterior division that supplies to extensor muscles. This posterior division then runs into the posterior cord from which the axillary nerve is derived. The axillary nerves motor end innervates the deltoid through its neuromuscular junction. 4. Rowing full speed is putting level best demands on Jims muscles.What metabolic process is providing most of the capability for Jims muscles at this point and why do Jims muscles feel like they are burning? (5 points) As Jims muscles are at maximum demand, his mitochondria are unable to produce the needed ATP through aerobic respiration because oxygen is unable to al cover fast enough into his muscle fibers. At this time anaerobic glycolysis runs the lead as the metabolic process producing two-thirds of the ATP needed so that his muscles can continue contracting. However, during glycolysis, there is soon more pyruvic acid produced then can be used at the time. That pyruvic acid detects converted to lactic acid, which is an organ acid that is able to dissociate in body fl uids.The lactic acid breaks up into hydrogen ions and negatively charged fellate ions that lowers intracellular pH and causes a burning sensation in his muscles. 5. Trace the sensation of pain in Jims left Quadriceps muscle from the receptor to perception in the brain. Be sure to include the nerve and all intermediate structures involved in relaying this sensation. (8 points) When Jim felt a pain sensation in his Quadriceps muscle, it began with the local nociceptors being activated. A signal was then transmitted from his nociceptor neurons, through the dorsal resolution ganglia where the cell bodies are located. Then, the signal is bear on through the Central Nervous arrangement, reaching the interneurons and being relayed to the brain through the lateral spinothalamic tract.The lateral spinothalamic tract and interneurons end in the ventral nuclei of the thalamus, where third-order neurons process and relay the aching sensation to the primary sensory cortex. 6. Since the end of the first minute, Jim has decreased the demands his muscles are making. What metabolic process is at a time providing most of the energy for his muscles? What muscle protein has been storing Oxygen for this activity? (6 points) Now that Jim has decreased the demand on his muscles, they are able to function primarily on aerobic metabolism, breaking down pyruvic acid to produce ATP. However, he is still working at a high level of energy, which will require a lot of oxygen. Myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein helps to supply some of the needed oxygen for aerobic respiration. 7. What energy molecules is Jims body consuming?What capacity Jim hurl done the night before to increase his endurance today? (4 points) During the race, Jim was using broken down glucose from the glycogen reserves in his sarcoplasm. A good way to improve endurance during a race is to eat a meal full of complex carbohydrates. These carbs provide energy the next day because they take longer than almost any ot her food to be broken down, and as they are late digested they continue to provide energy throughout the race. 8. Identify the components of the homeostatic control system that is keeping Jims body cool and then explain specifically how that system works, including the messaging system involved. (8 pts)The homeostatic control system that maintains body temperature is called thermoregulation. The system has a control center known as the thermoregulatory centre thats located in the hypothalamus. at that place are two sets of temperature receptors that send information to the control center. One monitors the core by looking at the temperature of the blood that flows through the brain, and the second monitors the external temperature through the receptors in the skin. at one time his body temp rose above 37. 20C, the higher temp stimulated his heat deprivation center. There are then two effectors that were at work lowering his body temperature. First, the smooth muscle of his arteri oles planning the skin relaxed, which caused vasodilation.Second, his sweat glands became more active and began cooling his skin surface. Finally, as his body regains its normal body temperature and that information gets to the hypothalamus, the control center becomes dormant. 9. Recall that Jim could see boats on either side of him. Trace the reach of those boats to perception. (Include all focusing, transduction, transmission and perception processes and structures) (10 points) As Jim was rowing and watching the boats beside him, the first step was reception. This happens as light is entering his eyes and the lens is focusing it onto the fovea of his retina, which is where his photoreceptors are located.The second step is transduction, during which the rods and codes are converting the electro-magnetic energy into electro-chemical nerve impulses. This is the step that allows the light energy to move across our optic nerve and be processed in the brain. That step where his nerve impulses are sent to his primary visual cortex is called transmission. The next step, selection, is where experience detector cells are working to break up the image. Then during organization, through multiple visual perceptual principles, the information is being reassembled into a way that we can understand it. The image goes to both our temporal and parietal lobes so that we can identify and determine where the object is located.Finally, the interpretation stage is where the boats he saw where both identified and given meaning. 10. Jim has stopped rowing and his muscles are now at rest. why are his heart and breathing rates still so high? (3 points) His rowing competition took a lot of energy and oxygen. Once it was over, his body needed to restore what was used during his exercise. A higher breathing rate brings more oxygen into the lungs, and a higher heart rate pumps blood so that the oxygen can get into the blood stream then into the muscles. Oxygen in the muscles will allow restoration of the ATP levels. 11. Why did Jim lose 4 pounds during this event? What tissue/body material was lost and will this be a permanent cant over loss? (5 points)About half a pound out of Jims four-pound loss could have been the glycogen reserves in his muscles that were depleted, but most of the weight loss was due to water loss while he was sweating during the race. Both of these things will be restored in his body though, causing the weight loss to only be temporary. Works Cited Breathing Rate And Heart Rates After Exercise. LiveStrong. get Media, Inc. , 14 Jul. 2011. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. Chapter 6 Visual Perception. Oup. n. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. PDF file. Homeostasis. BiologyMad. IHW, Mar. 2006. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. Keeping Your Autonomic Nervous System Healthy. DrWilson. The Center For Development. June 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. Muscles Used In A Rowing Machine. LiveStrong.Demand Media, Inc. , 3 May, 2011. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. The Body tush Use Glycogen As An En ergy Source When Aerobic Exercise Lasts How Long? LiveStrong. Demand Media, Inc. , 7 Jul. 2011. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. The Brachial Plexus. UpState. Health Science Center, n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. What Is Most Of The weight unit Loss From When Individuals Lose Weight Quickly? LiveStrong. Demand Media, Inc. , 28 Apr. 2011. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. Why Do You Sweat When Youre Nervous? WiseGeek. think Corporation, 15 Nov. 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. Why You Should Load Up On Good Carbs The Night Before A Big Game. FitDay. Internet Brands, Inc. , n. d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012.

A Report into Racism Essay

It is important to carry bug out this probe because in the long term children who are in our care at the moment leave behind be the next generation of adults who get outing run the commonwealth one day. By teaching children values and respect at a young age, society will be fairer to everyone. It is crucial to learn nigh anti-discrimination practice as it may affect childrens development, for compositors case a child that experiences racial discrimination may lack confidence throughout their lives. Racism occurs at fourth dimensions when people do not understand cultures and traditions that are different to the ones they follow themselves.These thoughts and ideas are unremarkably passed on from parents and carers to a child from a young age and stay with them as they grow up so that they form stereotypical views. Research by Milner (1983) shows that children as young as 3 years attach value to skin colour, with both black and white children perceiving white as superior to black. This supports the scheme that children can absorb messages about racial stereotyping from a very young age. By undertaking this investigation I will become an efficient diploma childcare and education worker in how to bar discrimination in a setting and reinforce my experience on best practice.I will observe the influence of resources in promoting anti-racism within the day nursery. I will learn more about childrens rights, the law that protects them from racism and where I stand in the eye of the law. In the future my knowledge from this study will raise my awareness of racism and prevent it occurring after all, prevention is better than cure. unlikeness is the ability to find out differences between individuals or collections, then to deny one individual or group favour of another. From a health and care point of view this means denying access to services and preventing concern opportunities.A definition of racism by Meggitt et al. (2000) states Racism is the belie f that some races are superior to others base on the false idea that different physical characteristics (i. e. skin colour) or ethnic background assimilate some people better than others. Racial discrimination can occur to anyone, at any time in their lives, at any age from babies to the elderly. Be so affected by stereotyping that events become a self-fulfilling prophecy, for example, if a black child is told that black people are destined to be lower classed and not achieve well then the child behaves accordingly with expectations.Review of Literature Stephen Lawrence was brutally murdered time-honored 18 years on April 22nd 1993. He was waiting with his friend Duwayne Brooks for a agglomerate home at 22. 30. Stephen walked into the centre of the avenue to see if a bus was coming and his friend called out to him. A group of 5 or 6 white youths across the other side of the road called out what, what nigger? and they all approached Stephen and stabbed him twice, once in the c hest and once in the arm. Both these wounds break up arteries and he would have died instantly if he had not been so physically fit and ran 100 yards forwards he fell to his death.Stephen Lawrences unprovoked attack was solely motivated by racism. Nobody to this day has been convicted of this appalling crime. The police have been criticised for taking prolonging the investigation. No other witnesses have come forward to identify the killers apart from Brooks even after the huge publicity of the murder. Three of the prime suspects were taken to streamlet in 1996, however the prosecution failed due to lack of sustainable evidence and they can never be tried again in the present law. Two other suspects were released in 1995 and there is no materialise of them being prosecuted with existing evidence.This shows that the police force involved needed to work harder at the time to get wind that the murderers were jailed when they were trailed. The police force must work harder in the f uture to prevent any hike racial violence cases reaching the same conclusion as the Stephen Lawrence interrogation. Also, legislation and laws will have to be looked at very carefully to avoid the same issues raised. The government think that from this case new regulations will be made we do believe that the debate about policing and racism has been transformed by this Inquiry Damilola Taylor was killed among the tower blocks of a run down estate in Peckham whilst returning home from an after-school electronic computer class. He was attacked by a group of Afro-Caribbean boys who stabbed him in the leg and then forced a marble down his throat to keep him from shouting for help. The police were criticised again for their handling of the case. More than 120 officers worked on the case at an estimated i 2. 5 million, however at the trial the main witness was put up to be a liar and dismissed and the two of the four defendants were released by the judge.

The Dishonesty of Honest People

Focus on two mechanisms that spate produce to maintain their corroboratory self- fantasy digitization and attention to standards. 2. Overview of Theory and Hypothesis Theory. The theory of self-concept alimentation suggests that mickle typically act corruptly and achieve external well-beings from said acts, besides barely to the extent that their mien stills allows them to maintain a positive view of themselves in name of being honest. Hypothesis The stuffs main hypothesis stems from the theory of self- concept maintenance (explained above). People facing this motivational dilemma gaining from cheating vs.. Maintaining a positive self-concept as honest individuals tend to solve it adaptively by finding a balance between he two motivating forces. They do so in order to acquire some financial benefit from behaving dishonestly while still maintaining their positive self- concept. 1 . The band of acceptable treason is limited by intimate reward considerations. 2. The siz e of this band depends on ones mogul to categorize actions as something other than dishonest, as well as the attention that they pay to their standards for honesty at the epoch of the dishonest act.Although there whitethorn be many ways to find such a compromise, the study focuses on two extra means categorization and attention to standards. Categorization The study explains, When this mechanism is activated, people fuck categorize their actions in more compatible terms, find rationalizations for their actions, and ultimately avoid triggering any negative self-signals that might affect their self-concept, which go out therefore not get updated. cardinal important aspects of categorization are its relative ease and its limit. The need ease/difficult of an act is typically defined by its context.The study uses the following example recognition suggests that it is easier to steal a OIC pencil from a friend than to teal OIC out of this friends wallet to buy a pencil, because th e former scenario offers more possibilities to categorize the action in terms that are compatible with friendship (he took a pencil from me once this is what friends do). It also suggests that ones ability to categorize acts has a limit beyond which people can no longer deny their obvious wrongdoings. The study seeks to define said threshold.Attention to Standards When people are resonant Of their own clean-living standards any dishonest action is more probable to be reflected in their self- concept (they provide update their self-concept as a consequence of their actions), which in turn go out cause them to stick by to a stricter definition of an honest and a dishonest act. However, when individuals are not mindful of their own moral standards their actions are not measured relative to them, and therefore their self-concept is less likely to be updated, and their demeanor is likely to diverge from their standards.Thus, the attention to standards mechanism predicts that in c ases in which ones moral standards are more accessible, people will have to confront the meaning of their actions more readily and therefore be more honest. SUMMARY PHI knavery will increase as individuals pay less attention to their own standards for honesty. PH Dishonesty will increase when individuals face situations that are more easily categorized in honesty-compatible terms. PH Given the prospect to be dishonest, individuals will be dishonest up to a take that does not force them to update their self-concept. . Overview of Methodology Experiment 1 Moral Reminder Two hundred twenty-nine students participated in this test, which consisted of a two- labor paradigm as part of a broader experimental session with multiple, unrelated paper-and-pencil occupations that appeared together in a toilet. 1 . In the setoff task, respondents were asked to either write down the names of 10 books they had read in high school (no moral reminder) or the Ten Commandments (moral reminder). The y had two minutes to accomplished this task. . In the fleck task each student get two rags of paper a test sheet and an resoluteness sheet. The test sheet consisted of 20 matrices. Participants had four minutes in which to find two falls per ground substance that added up to 10. Experiment 2 Honor Code Two hundred s notwithstanding students participated in this experiment. Two factors between participants were manipulated the amount attracted per correctly loved intercellular substance (ICC and $2) and the attention to standards ( hold back, reuse, reprocess+honor code). 1.The control and recycle builds were identical to those in the previous experiment, except this time, the experimenter compensable each participant, and the task lasted five minutes. 2. The recycle+honor code condition was similar to the recycle condition except that respondents were asked to sign a narrative appearing at the top of the test sheet that read l understand that this short succeed falls un der Mitts Yales honor system below the statement, participants printed and signed their names.Thus, the nor code statement appeared on the aforementioned(prenominal) sheet as the matrices, and this sheet was recycled before participants submitted their solvent sheets. Experiment 3 Token Exchange quaternion hundred fifty students participated in this experiment. Participants had five minutes to complete this task and were promised SOC for each correctly resolved matrix. Three been-subjects conditions were used the control and recycle conditions that we used in Experiment 2, and a recycle+ symbol condition.The latter condition was similar to the recycle condition, except that participants knew that each correctly solved matrix would earn them 1 ken, which they would exchange for ICC a few seconds later. When the five minutes ended, participants in the recycle+token condition recycled their test sheet and submitted only their answer sheet to an experimenter, who gave them the corre sponding number of tokens. Participants then went to a second experimenter, who exchanged the tokens for money (this experimenter also paid the participants in the control and recycle conditions).Experiment 4 Four- undertaking substitution class Forty-four students participated in this experiment, which consisted of a four- task paradigm-?a matrix task, a personality test, a expectation task, and a second matrix task. 1 . intercellular substance 1 The aforesaid(prenominal) control and recycle conditions Of the matrix task from Experiment 2 were repeated. Participants randomly assigned to either of these two conditions had five minutes to complete the task and received SOC per correctly solved matrix.The only difference from Experiment 2 was that all participants (notes those in the recycle condition) were asked to report how many matrices they had solved correctly. Participants in the control condition submitted both the test and the answer sheets to the experimenter, who verifie d their answers. Those in the recycle notation recycle their test and just handed in their answers. 2. temperament Test 10-item tests were handed out, and embedded in these tests was two psyches related to self-definition as it relates to honesty.One caput asked how honest a person they considered themselves to be on a scale from O (not at all) to 100 (very). The other question asked participants how they thought of themselves at the time of the survey in contrast to the day before in terms of being a moral person on a scale from -5 (much worse) to 5 (much better). 3. Prediction Task Participants would next participate in a second vive-minute matrix task. Before taking part in it their task was to predict how many matrices they would be able to solve and indicate how confident they were with their predictions on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 100 (very).Before making these predictions, it was made clear to participants that the next matrix task left no room to over-claim as the e xperimenter would check the results. Furthermore, participants were informed that this second test would consist of a different sink of matrices, and the recompense would depend on both the accuracy of their prediction and their performance. If their prediction was 00% accurate, they would earn ICC per correctly solved matrix, but for each matrix they solved more or less than what they predicted, their payment per matrix would be reduced by C.The experimenter emphasized that this payment scheme meant that it was in their best interests to be as accurate as possible in their predictions and to solve as many matrices as they could. 4. Matrix 2 The final task was the matrix task (as in the control condition) with a different set of numbers. The entire experiment thus represented a two- condition, between-subjects design, differing only in the first matrix task possibility to cheat).The three remaining tasks (a personality test, a prediction task, and a second matrix task) were the sa me for all participants. Experiment 5 One hundred eight students participated in this experiment. Two factors were manipulated between participants the ability to cheat (control and recycle, as in Experiments 2 and 3) and beliefs about the number of matrices that the average student solves in the time al upsurgeted (four matrices, which is the accurate number, or eight matrices which was an exaggeration).As before, the DVD was the number of matrices reported solved. Experiment 6 This experiment entailed multiple, small sessions, in which each participant sat in a private booth (total of 326 participants). The first part of the procedure remained the same for all four conditions, but the second part varied. All participants received a test with 50 multiple-choice, general knowledge questions, had 15 minutes to answer the questions, and were promised OIC for each question they solve correctly.After the 15 minutes, participants received a undulate sheet onto which to transfer their an swers. The manipulation of the four conditions pertained to the type of belch sheet ND to what participants had to do with it after transferring their answers. 1 Control Participants received a standard smatter sheet. When they finished transferring their answers, they handed both the test and the bubble sheet to the experimenter who checked their answers, summed the number of correct answers, and paid them. 2.No-recycle (first cheating condition) The bubble sheet had the correct answers pre-marked, which prompted a dilemma for participants when they faced a question they had answered falsely on their test sheet they could be honest and mark the corresponding incorrect ricer on the bubble sheet or be dishonest and mark the correct circle. After participants finished transferring their answers, they summed up the number of their correct answers, wrote that number at the top of the bubble sheet, and handed both the test and the bubble sheet to the experimenter, who paid them accordi ng to their self-summed score.In this condition, subjects could cheat with some risk that the experimenter might discover it if she compared the test to the bubble sheet. 3. cycle (second cheating condition) This condition was similar to the no-recycle condition, with the preference that participants were instructed, after transferring their answers to the pre-marked bubble sheet, to walk to a shredder, shred their genuine test sheet, and take only the bubble sheet to the experimenter, at which point they would be paid accordingly. Because of the shredding, this condition offered a lower probability of being caught cheating. 4.Recycle+ (third cheating condition) This condition decreased the probability of being caught even further by instructing participants to shred both their test sheet and the bubble sheet, walk over to a large jar with money at the corner of the room, ND take the amount they earned. In addition, by making the payment self service, the recycle+ condition elimin ated any interactions with the experimenter, thereby decreasing companionable concerns with cheating. 4. Main Findings 1. Given the opportunity, people will engage in dishonest behaviors. 2. Increasing attention to internal honesty standards decreases the tendency for deception. . Allowing more flexible categorization increases the tendency for dishonesty. 4. The magnitude of dishonesty is largely insusceptible to either the expected external benefits or costs associated with dishonest acts. 5. People know that their actions are dishonest but do not update their self- concepts. 5. Application Economics The theory we propose can in principle be incorporated into economic models. Some formalization related to our theory appears in late economic theories of utility minimization based on models of self-signaling (Abdomen and Propel 2001 ) and identity (Bnabob and Triple 2004, 2006).These recent approaches fill a slowly spreading conviction among economists that to study moral and s ocial norms, altruism, reciprocity, or antisocial behavior, we must(prenominal) understand the underlying psychological titivation that vary endogenously with the environment. These models can be adopted to account for self-concept maintenance by incorporating categorization and attention increasing attention to personal standards for honesty (meta-utility function and salience contestation s 1, respectively) and flexibility for categorization (interpretation function and probability 1-0, respectively).The data presented herein offer further charge on the development of such models. In our minds, the interplay between these formal models and the empirical evidence we provide represents a fruitful and promising research direction. Psychology Some insights regarding the functional from in which the external and internal rewards work together emerge from the data, and these findings also could provide useful paths for further investigations in both economics and psychology. For exam ple, the results in Experiment 6 showed that increasing the level of external costs (probability of being caught) did not decrease the level of dishonesty.This finding raises the possibility of a relationship that appears like a step function in which dishonesty up to a certain level is trivial, but beyond that threshold, it takes on a more serious, ND costly, meaning. 6. Limitations of Research 1 . Arguably, at some point at which the external rewards become very high, they should lure the person sufficiently to prevail (because the reward is much larger than the internal costs), such that ultimately behavior would be largely influenced by external rewards. 2. some other important applied speculation involves the medium experiment. As clubhouse moves away from cash, and electronic exchanges become more prevalent, mediums are rapidly increasing in the economy. Again, if we take the results at face value, we should pay particular attention to dishonesty in hose new mediums (e. G. , backdating stocks), because they provide opportunities for under-the-radar dishonesty. Another interesting observation is that the medium experiment did not only allow people to cheat more, but it also increased the level of maximal cheating.In the medium experiment we observed 24 participants who cheated maximally, which indicated that the tokens not only allowed people to elevate their acceptable magnitude of dishonesty but also liberated some participants from the shackles of their morality altogether. When we consider the applied implications of these results, we must emphasize that our findings stem from experiments not with criminals but with students at elite universities, people who likely will play important roles in the advancement of this country and who seem a lot like us and others we know.The prevalence of dishonesty among these people and the finding that on an individual level, the magnitude of dishonesty was typically somewhat honest rather than completely dishon est suggests that we have tapped into what common, everyday behavior is about. As Gladstone and Chin (1993) conclude, people seem to be moral relativists in their everyday lives.