American Health Care Essay

Mckenzie ClutterClutter 1 2/27/13 Mr. Allen(pd. 7) American Healthcare: A Transformation from Crap to Gold America is without a question the leading country of medical and scientific advances. There always seem to be a new medical breakthrough every time you watch the news or read the paper, especially in the cure of certain diseases. However, the medical research requires an enormous amount of money. The U. S. spends the most money on health care yet many people, mainly the working class Americans are still without any type of health insurance and thus are more susceptible to health risks and problems.The concept of health insurance for Americans was formulated over a century ago. Most Americans obtain health insurance from employers or government programs, but some Americans are without health insurance. Most of them not being able to pay for it. In 2010, 49. 9 million were without insurance. That's 16. 3% of the total population. 18. 4% were the percentage of uninsured Americans y ounger than 65 in 2010. When it comes to the United States, American health care is described as the Capitalist System. In England they have what is called as the Socialist system. In America, health care is going to change all because of Obama.Obama trying to do what he thinks is best and will be worth it in the long run called the Affordable Care Act or the called Obama Care. Capitalism is a free market that balances demand with supply, it works by using money to connect consumer wants and needs (demand) with the production and distribution of goods and services (supply). Capitalism implies equal â€Å"opportunity† and there will also be winners and losers (example high class, middle class ; low class). For capitalism to function, the consumer must have control of spending and enough information to be a wise shopper in his or her ownClutter 2 self-interest. In U. S. healthcare, the consumer/patient has virtually no control over who will provide service or what service will be provided. One has to buy insurance which is a certain amount of money a month to receive health care. You also have to get approved to get something done say like a surgery. You have to fill out forms, send them in and wait to hear back within the company or the person doing your surgery. If you get approved which is rare then you can go on with your surgery if not you have to find someone who will and who takes your insurance.In most cases you are denied due to doctors wanting money because the more doctors deny surgery’s the more they make are many positive things when it comes to the capitalist system, one being the number of jobs increase but this is not as great as it sounds. There are also negatives to this. One being capitalism makes the rich richer. Insurance outside of the United States (for example England) is run by the socialist system, which is paid by the government. One of the goals of socialized medicine systems is ensuring universal access to health care. Only thing in return is to pay higher taxes. You receive free health care.You can’t get denied for any surgery. You don’t have to have insurance to receive health care. Also prescriptions you receive from a pharmacy are only a flat rate no more or less unless you are under a certain age or a senior citizen in that case it is free. In the United States, neither of the main parties favors a socialized system that puts the government in charge of hospitals or doctors, but they do have different approaches to financing and access. Democrats tend to be favorably inclined towards reform that involves more government control over health care financing and citizens' right of access to health care.Republicans are broadly in favor of the status quo, or a reform of the financing system that gives more power to the citizen, often through tax credits. Both sides have also looked to more philosophical arguments, debating Clutter 3 whether people have a fundamental right to have heal th care provided to them by their government. In this system, doctors receive more money when they help out patients unlike the United States. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), commonly called Obama care, is a United States federal statute signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010.Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, it represents the most significant government expansion and regulatory overhaul of the U. S. healthcare system since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. Guaranteed issue will require policies to be issued regardless of any medical condition, and partial community rating will require insurers to offer the same premium to all applicants of the same age and geographical location without regard to gender or most pre-existing conditions.It requires that all individuals not covered by an employer sponsored health plan, Medicaid, Medicare or other public insurance programs, secure an approved private- insurance policy or pay a penalty. According to this system, a child would stay under their parents insurance until they turn twenty-six. The non-participating employers/ citizens, health insurances and hospitals will be taxed. Doctors would receive more money when helping patients more. Also, each year one hundred and twenty-five million dollars will go towards funding school-based health centers and programs to reduce teen pregnancy.Also the number of bankruptcies will be reduced due to this system. This system is planned to take effect in 2014. All these systems all have good and bad ideas when it comes to healthcare. They all point out past, present and future plans and ideas that could be good or bad. In my opinion the best Clutter 4 health care system would be the Affordable Care Act or the Obama Care Act. This uses both the capitalist and socialist system and combines them. It affects every citizen in the United States. I feel like this would be affective and help the people of America out to the better.

Modern Mythology: Influence on the Society

Modern mythology is characterized as that by which are considered to be beings far from those who inhabit the earthly component of what seemed to be typical in the view of humankind.   The influence of myths in the standpoints and views of individuals had been one of the initial bases of our ancestors’ beliefs which are in a way creating a whole new dimension of their respective approaches in daily living (Bell, 1997).The broad landscape of myths had been sought to be traditionally passed on until the contemporary society of today, and as to how recent studies have stressed, the level of influence triggering the rationality of the masses had already been declining in some sort.   Such argument raised on why myths, which used to be the towering implication of human rationality had increasingly changed and depleted had been answered in the arena of sociological innovative as well as with the transformational changes in human beings sagacity of liberalism.Catastrophic EventHo wever, on the contrary of the proposition, one myth which I found to have been helpful, although factual data seem to mesmerize my stand is the Myth of the Gift of the Goddess, which caters an array of goddess-lined embodiment and correlating the goddess of fertility as that which conveys the essentiality of humanistic needs such as ‘sex’ and all the other forms of intimate relationships (Te Paske, 1982).Suppressing the realm of mythical, religious and cultural arena has been established to be that which serves as a symbol of the skills and capabilities of woman in performing its duties coherent with certain models, or what traditionalism presumed to be the representations of the kind of person any woman in the contemporary society incorporates.Freudian DoctrinesIn further illustration of the matter, shifting the scenario to Freudian doctrines, related with one of the mythical goddesses is Artemis, who is defined as the goddess who enjoys the gift of life and fertility or childbirth.   She is also known as the goddess of wilderness, thus given with such fact, it may be taken to assumption that women are capable of extracting and involving in ‘intimate’ relationships and thus have beliefs which are taken consideration initially before they are to dwell upon it (Te Paske, 1982).Sexual SolipcismFreud’s belief in the art of ‘sexual solipcism’ which never fails to mystify the society of today, is a proof that the level of rationality of human beings today, compared to that of the past decades had evolved in a rather more open echelon on ‘openness’ (Bell, 1997).   Freud established this so-called numerological fantasy connected to menstrual cycle of the female species by which on the hard line feminist critique of psychoanalysis is conceived as the predictable reaction to numerous psychologically based primacy of the internal organ of the male (Bell, 1997) and in the larger and rather explicit scale of s uch portrays the fact that all men are rapists and oppressors and women are the victims pious in their innocence (Te Paske, 1982).   The issue is deliberatively raised on the worst and animus shadow of the whole gist of what seemed to be a fact among the perception on men, thus creating a dim image of the men’s purity in mind and deed (Te Paske, 1982).Life Changing EventPerceivably, the only problem established by myths is its capability to change gradually the behavior and the personality of an individual who was able to acquire it.   21st  Century analogy and basis blatantly argues that myths create a negative impact on the society and thus must be given focus on to by behavioral analysts so as to fully eradicate the perception that myths are effectual ‘guiding stars’ (Wolin, 1995) and must be followed and given consideration on to by an individual.Numerous interpretations in the arena of mythological succession had been crucially studied and determined b y socio-political analysts.   With the objective to save the victims of false beliefs, they emerged in a form of research which indulges in transcendence and immanence to take a claim of the juxtaposition of modern and traditional conviction.Power of MythThe power of myth, according to mythologist Joseph Campbell and world renowned journalist Bill Moyers, myth is a sociological and at the same time a behavioral dynamic of individuality whereas enthusiasm of such somehow serve as a steer in decision making.   However, in his documentary show, he also stressed the negative effects of myths which denotes that the fallacious beliefs, taken from the word ‘fallacy’ itself is in a ratio of 10:90 adequate in helping people know and understand their inner self (Nicholson, 1999).Abandoning Mythological SkepticismMoreover, the argument on myths had been prudently expounded the EM Risse, in his article, Shape the Future.   In his article, he contended that the problem of the society on why development is dawdling in motion is because of the citizen’s counterfeit confidence on traditional notions.   Advising the community to jump out of the skin of life’s conventionalities and start exploring the rather challenging schemes of the highly regarded components of human settlement patterns (Bell, 1997).RelicWhat I have cited as an instance where the myth had been believed to be true to fact, is the dispute of a suspect in a rape case, wherein the bark of defenses of the offender laid a table of mythological explanations, which of course, had not been accepted by the court.   A perfect representation and actuality that modern world justice system and form of regulation on justifications of individuals are well studied and are not in point of fact based on that which is falling on the stream of false beliefs and other traditional saga eaten by criminals to escape from the bars of justice.The mere fact that there were still individuals who beli eve in the power of myth, it had been cited that the aforementioned kind take the risk of following the potent nature of myths and thus believe that their salvation or their scheme in life is already written in a book and thus cannot be changed (Nicholson, 1999).Reality versus IdealismFurthermore, I would barely like to support the argument on such statement.   Basing the idea on ‘reality’ versus ‘idealism’ will unfold the life living in myths as well as the twists and turns one may divulge in it (Wolin, 1995).Perhaps it may not be as sufficient as that if the scientific explanations rendered by critical research and studies, but for people who were not able to experience the privilege of knowledge and of literacy do not have any other outlet and sense of support to dwell on. Rather, what myths tend to offer already gives air to their living and thus making the people able to perform what is expected by the community or the culture that they inhabit, rega rdless the quintessence of universality or societal acceptance.ConclusionIn the light, what used to be the ‘bible’ of the medieval individuals’ daily basis has transformed in a rather conceptual and modernized state that such myths instilled by our forefathers had been locked in the jar of the times of yore.   The advent of mythological representations was noted to be either that of which is invented, or which had freely flown into place due to gossip (Bell, 1997; Wolin, 1995).   For the reason that humans are prone to interacting with the like is quite inevitable to take to assumption that the sufficiency and factuality of myths are deliberately hanging thoughts or perspectives.Every person has a certain point of enthusiasm in mythology in them (Wolin, 1995).   It may not be as obvious as one may seem to show the society or the people he or she is involved to, but the inevitability of the ‘vain thoughts’ within oneself is already a subconsciou s mythical ocean (Bell, 1997).   If one tends to believe that death will take him tomorrow, or that one will see his ‘loved one’ after an hour because a red Volkswagen passed by, those are already proofs that the existence of myth and its influence to people has not yet abandoned the modern limelight.   In conclusion, the never ending debates on how true or how sufficient myths are in explaining the phenomena occurring in this earthly place shall always be a part of every human’s query in life.   How people think and act today, may be a manifestation of what one has been before; and how they are today may affect the myth of their future (Nicholson, 1999).ReferencesBell, M. (1997). Literature, Modernism and Myth: Belief and Responsibility in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Great Britain: New York Cambridge University Press.Nicholson, P. Y. (1999). Who Do We Think We Are?: Race and Nation in the Modern World. Armonk: N.Y. ME Sharpe, Inc.Te Paske, B. A. (198 2). Rape and Ritual: A Psychological Study. Toronto: Canada Inner City BooksWolin, R. (1995). Labyrinths: Explorations in the Critical History of Ideas. Amherst: Mass. University of Massachusetts Press.

Research in accounting and fiannce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research in accounting and fiannce - Essay Example There is no massive fluctuation in the share prices, but in the year 2009 it was least among the five years which shows little financial decline in the company’s performance. In the year 2012 the stock prices were highest among the five years which showed an increase in the financial performance of the company. There are many internal and external factors that affect the performance of an organization in both positive and negative way. The external forces that may affect the financial performance of Sainsbury are: Political force: The political forces residing in Europe and which may have an effect on the performance of Sainsbury are Euro Zone, European Union, rapidly globalizing businesses and many taxation rules policies. Economic factor: These factors can be rapidly changing interest rates, exchange rates, GDP of a country and Per capita Income, inflation, Job market and unemployment rate and company’s market share which may affect a company’s performance. Technological forces: Technological forces have great influences on the performance of any organization. This includes invention of new and modern products, innovation in products and improvements, etc. When the financial crisis of 2009-2010 hit the industry, it had no such disastrous influence on the financial condition of Sainsbury. In a report by Mr. Justin King it is said that the when the crisis hit the industry people changed their spending pattern but the sales of Sainsbury when revealed, it was observed that it was more than the forecasted sales (Hall, 2010). When the euro zone sovereign debt crisis hit London the share price of Sainsbury decreased along with many other companies. As reported on 21 may 2012, the stock price of many companies emerged from the crisis but Sainsbury and Tesco were still among the weakest performers (London midday: Stocks rise but Eurozone still in focus, 2012). There are many resources and abilities within an organizations,

The Ising Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Ising Model - Essay Example Although the Ising Model has been named after E. Ising, the inventor of the Model is W. Lenz. Lenz gave this model as a problem to solve to his disciple Ising. In Beitrà ¤ge zum Verstà ¤ndnis der magnetischen Eigenschaften in festen Kà ¶rpern, Lenz (1920) put forward the idea of a systematic physical-statistical model to comprehend the magnetic properties in solids. A few years later, in Beitrag Zur Theorie des Ferromagnetismus, Ising (1925) solved the Ising Model in one dimension which has no phase transition. In explaining the Model, Cipra (1987) focuses on the formation of binary alloys and the process of ferromagnetism with special reference to spontaneous magnetization as the original application areas of the work of Ising (1925). â€Å"The latter is also of interest historically: an understanding of ferromagnetism – and especially â€Å"spontaneous magnetization† – was the original purpose of the Ising model and the subject of Ising’s doctoral di ssertation.† (Cipra, 1985, p. 937) Generally, because of this historical importance, ferromagnetism is widely used to interpret and explain the various characteristics of the Ising Model.                  After Ising solved the Model in one dimension, no significant achievement could be made in the following years. However, much later in the year 1944, L. Onsager managed to solve the square lattice variety of Ising Model in two-dimensions through an analytical description. In the context of crystal statistics, Onsager (1944) described the phenomenon of phase change as â€Å"an order-disorder transition† (Onsager, 1944, p. 117). Almost a decade later, Yang (1952) explained spontaneous magnetization with the help of two-dimensional Ising Model. In this way, the study of higher dimensional varieties of Ising Model became feasible and the scope of the Model expanded beyond the realm of statistical physics. The Model was extensively used to study the inter-particle interactions to understand the behaviors of atoms and molecules of the real substance in the course of phase transitions. (Brush, 1967)

Natural Monopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Natural Monopoly - Essay Example With the pay as you go payment model, this system is bound to favor most companies and firms especially the small firms. As the usage increases so does the costs for example the charges would depend on the number of users as well as the number of transactions. The different benefits of SaaS have gone a step further to encourage the monopoly that is in the software development world. Saas implementation will allow for the IT (Information Technology) budget to go further as the costs are lesser as compared to the acquiring of traditional software. The people services in SaaS are also not underestimated. Another advantage that is fanning the SaaS flame is that it allows for better management of growth. There is also the aspect of the vendor being accountable as they are and will remain in contact with the user even after the purchase of the software (MultiMedia Communications). As the computer software is hosted at the vendor’s premises in SaaS, the support offered by the vendor on the software only goes further to encourage users to opt for this technology. The staffs of the vendor company are in a better position to offer the best support as well as maintenance on the software. The software can and is also upgraded often as they are in close contact with the client and can get to know the changing user needs and requirements. The close contact will enable the development of software that is very detailed and specific to the user’s needs. Traditional software applications have not done much to discourage monopoly in the software development world. Traditional software is expensive as its upfront licensing costs as well as the annual evergreen support costs are off the roof. All other costs including maintenance and management are provided for by the user, an aspect that many a company are running away from as they try to minimize their

Employee Feedback Questionaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Feedback Questionaire - Essay Example This will be linked to the general view of the class regarding staff morale and their satisfaction and motivation in the work environment. The secondary purpose of this research is to describe the leadership style of the immediate supervisor, recognize the strengths and weaknesses, and recommend possible solutions in areas that need improvement. The research design for this study employed both qualitative and quantitative survey method. The questions were qualitative in nature and the quantitative aspect is on the number of positive, negative, and neutral responses gathered, which gauged the overall strength of the opinion and aided in formulating insights. The target population of this study included a practicum class at Hillcrest Medical Center. The sample size included all 23 members of the target population. The participation rate is 100%. With the high level of positive responses from the respondents, it can be inferred that the class is highly motivated and satisfied with their working environment and working relationship with their immediate supervisor.

Critical Reflections Paper Examining Social Justice and Equality Essay

Critical Reflections Paper Examining Social Justice and Equality - Essay Example This system punishes the poor by keeping them continually dependent on the system and not encouraging them to become independent. According to Hick (2002), "Income security programs are at the center of the welfare state in Canada. These programs do much more than protect the poor from destitution; income security programs are used by all sectors of society" (pp. 1-2). In Roman times, according to Myers-Lipton (2006), "with the increase in poverty in the early republic, elite society began to argue that outdoor relief was financially inefficient at best and inhumane at worst, since poor people were shuffled around from community to community" (pp. 35). Instead of shuffling the poor around, some suggestions include making the poor an integrated part of the community, giving them work through a WPA-style program that would focus on giving the homeless jobs. This would be one way of promoting a healthier and happier community. It is in this paradigm that one realizes that something must be done to arrive at a more socially just society. ... The homeless themselves feel powerless and as though they do not have choices in life. It is in this paradigm that one realizes that something must be done to arrive at a more socially just society. This includes taxing the rich at 90% as used to be the case, and requiring less from those who cannot afford to pay. Most welfare systems nowadays depend on the dependency of the person receiving welfare in order to keep afloat as a program. When welfare programs stop preying on people, there will be more just societies. Until that day of welfare reform comes to all nations, one whose focus is achieving social justice for all cannot rest. After all, how can the economically well-off person sleep at night knowing there are others out in the world who have nothing or next to nothing The simple fact is that they cannot. Once people realize their greed and heartlessness is causing them lack of sleep, they will realize they have to get out in the world and give back. Charities and other goodwill foundations need to capitalize on the fact that there are many guilty people out there. People who feel guilty about having more should feel badly about the fact that society is unjust to the poor and this should serve as a motivator to help urge people to give more to charitable programs. 3. What is the relationship between social justice, equality and human rights Social justice is the assurance that everyone in a society is receiving fair treatment. Equality is the assurance that everyone is being treated with the same measure of justice as everyone else. Human rights are those inalienable rights guaranteed to persons of governments that are based upon the British system. The relation between these three

The Major Cause (s) of the Panic of 1837 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Major Cause (s) of the Panic of 1837 - Essay Example There was a short recovery in 1838 but the recession continued for around seven years. Businesses failed, banks collapsed, prices went down, and many people lost their jobs (Benson, et al. 73). The crisis was brought by the duration of economic expansion which was around 1834 to 1836. The prices of cotton, land, and slaves went up in these years. This boom had a lot of causes, domestically and internationally. Due to the strange factors of international trade at this period, a lot of silver came into the United States from China and Mexico. Tariffs on imports and land sales were producing considerable federal revenues. Through profitable cotton exports and state-backed bonds marketing in British money markets, US got substantial capital investment from Britain. These bonds facilitated transportation projects in US. The British loans were accessible through Anglo-American banking houses, helped in the United States ‘expansion westward, industrial expansion, infrastructure development, and economic development (Tindall,et al.67). 1n 1836, it was discovered that monetary reserves in England banks had reduced sharply recently possibly due to insufficient wheat harvests which compelled them import a lot of its food. Consequently, they decided to gradually increase interest rates to 5 from 3 percent. This was done so as to attract specie given the fact that money always goes to where it generates greatest returns. The 1830s open economy, was characterized by free trade and trade barriers that were weak, hegemonic power monetary policies (Great Britain), were transmitted to the global economic system, including U.S. Major Banks in America were forced to increase interest rates as a result of Bank of England doing the same(Skrabec, Quentin R.  193). Interest rates were raised by New York banks and lending was scaled back, the effects were harmful. Given the

Attributes and Primary Keys of the ERD Coursework

Attributes and Primary Keys of the ERD - Coursework Example SoniDream is the company, forming one of the entities. Within it, there several other entities, derived from their various attributes. I, therefore, consider how each of the following has different characteristics from the other (Moreira et al. 2013, p.455). Â  The company, with the main office headquartered in London. A company as an entity must have attributes such as physical location. In this case, its physical address in London. A company must also have the people who run it. Using this knowledge, I identified members of staff who fall into different categories and play different roles. They include studio managers, sound engineers, and van drivers. Â  Recording studios distributed over different parts of London. Studios are fixed entities and must, therefore, have their physical locations. In this case of the studios are in London and the other 8 are located in different parts of the UK. Â  Equipment used in the studio is an entity and must be comprised of different pieces. In this case, they included recorder, mixing desks, studio monitors, controllers, microphones, converters, musical instruments, and other music accessories. The different entities are joined by different relationships. Â  3. I identified the main relationship types for SonicDream using a hierarchical order. A relationship type is an association between two or more entity types. Relationship types may associate an entity type with itself. In such a case the roles of the entity types in the relationship type will be listed on the edges like shown in the ERD in part 1.

Reasons for Choosing to Become a WGU Student Essay

Reasons for Choosing to Become a WGU Student - Essay Example Not only I worked intensely, but I also had to pay the bills and take all kinds of loads an independent man does. I conducted a thorough research and found that no college’s classes matched my schedule. I had to leave the work in order to pursue further education, which was clearly not a practicable option for me. Therefore, I started searching for courses in online education. Distance education was increasingly being adopted as a way to advance the academic career. I also thought about doing the same, though I had mixed feelings about it. I knew it would allow me to acquire a bachelors degree as I felt convenient, but doubted whether such a degree would be valued by the employers. Besides, choosing the best online university from among a myriad of options was another challenge confronting me. I started browsing ads online and checking people’s opinions and suggestions both online and otherwise. My research led me to the conclusion that most of the online universities l acked regional accreditation, were quite expensive for the students and their graduates were still not liked at large. Finally, a friend of mine suggested me to search about the Western Governors University (WGU), saying that WGU was not only accredited regionally, but was also quite affordable and suitable for me considering the situation I was in. Initially I took it as a regular advice and didn’t expect much. But as I conducted a little research, I happened to find that the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities had accredited WGU, which was itself accredited by CHEA. A number of other schools were accredited by the same organization. Such schools included but were not limited to Brigham Young, Lewis & Clark, and the University of Oregon. While reviewing the bachelor’s degree in IT at WGU, I found that WGU offered nine certifications many of which were more than sufficient for an individual to acquire a high-paying job of a technician in my area. As my fr iend had said, WGU was really affordable. All I had to pay was $5780 a year in two installations, each of which was for six months. Therefore, WGU not only provided me with a way to attend the school as per my convenience, but also have more time for leisure activities as it saved me a lot of money that would otherwise have been consumed in paying the fee of another school. The most fascinating characteristic feature of WGU was that it offered classes at 3am, unlike any brick and mortar school I knew. Message for my friend Just like one very sincere friend of mine solved this issue for me, I would like to introduce WGU to you so that the positive message is spread and more and more people can benefit from the tremendous opportunities WGU has to offer. If you are looking for a reputable degree from a regionally accredited school, and also want to continue your full time job with it without having to bear too large a cost in the name of fee, WGU is one school that can provide you with all of these. By recommending you WGU, I am saving you all the headache and waste of time that I had incurred while searching for a good school. I assure you that you will not regret to choose to study in WGU. You may look for the kind of certificates WGU issues in the discipline of your interest and see if they suffice the requirements for job eligibility in your area, which they most probably would! It is a complete package for the ones looking for a practicable option to advance their career

Epsteins Essay Example for Free

Epsteins Essay We must all acknowledge and adhere to the feeling of boredom, as we have all felt its distinct dampness in some form or another. Epstein’s essay â€Å"Duh, Bor-ing† is able to capture and enforce its ideologies through direct references and quotations; with a little education and perseverance you are able to decipher and put meaning behind the unique examples he portrays in his writing. Epstein starts his essay with â€Å"Somewhere I have read that boredom is the torment of hell that Dante Forgot† (Epstein 1). In using this quote from Albert Speer we really get the feeling that boredom is unbeneficial and in fact tormenting at times. As many will agree with that statement, Epstein further goes on to say â€Å"When bored, time slows drastically, the world seems logy and without promise, and reality itself can grow shadowy and vague† (Epstein 2). There again giving you the feeling that boredom can cause you to perceive time differently and cause life to become dark and gloomy at times. He does a great job incorporating these quotes into his writing to really back the feeling that we carry towards boredom. We have all felt the negative vibes portrayed from boredom and many of us try to avoid them at all costs. Being able to form my own opinions, judgments and thoughts on the subject allows Epstein’s essay to be easily relatable and interesting to read. Epstein further allows you to connect with the text by particularizing on the different types of boredom perceived. Situational Boredom, in which he relates to a â€Å"dull sermon† (Epstein 1) and existential boredom caused by modern culture. Epstein lets us ponder the thought that maybe our own modern culture is to blame for boredom. He elaborates that boredom is often less pervasive in simpler cultures â€Å"One hears little of boredom among the pygmies or the Trobriand Islanders, whose energies are taken up with the problems of mere existence† (Epstein 2). With everything becoming increasingly more technological and people able to live easier, longer and healthier lives maybe we create our own boredom through modern society. He also refutes existential boredom in saying â€Å"Even animals know boredom, we are told, though they are deprived of the ability to complain directly about it† (Epstein 1). An animal at most represents the closest thing to be at its core un-modernized. Although deprived from the ability to complain about it, animals symbolize pure primal instinct and yet are affected by boredom just alike. Naturally boredom has a negative stigma wrapped around it but as Toohey suggests â€Å"Boredom is good for us Boredom can function as a warning sign†¦telling those who suffer unduly from it that they need to change their lives† (Epstein 5). Epstein’s allowing that negative stigma to be refuted upon and replaced with that of a greater self-perception. That maybe boredom is a self-defense mechanism or a symptom in reaction to your own life struggles and yet curable. Epstein constant analytical approach to the advantages and disadvantages of boredom helps make this essay work in building credibility to the fact that he’s not one-sided or condensed. He capitalizes on the indifferences boredom promotes and truly tries to look at the subject from all angles and sides drawing power and reason from multiple sources and references. Overall with the use of distinct wordy visuals and references Epstein able to make his writing work in that of capturing his readers and allowing them to form their own interpretation on the matter.

Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) Benefits

Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) Benefits Drivers and Barriers of Modern Methods of Construction Work produced by; Blayse (2004), Goodier (2006), Koebel (2008), NHBC Foundation (2006), Pan (2006), Pasquire (2004), Rosenfeld (1994), Sexton (2005), Taylor (2009), The Barker Review, (2003), Venables (2004), The Market Transformation Programme (2008) and The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, (2003) have all suggested the necessity to increase the adoption of Modern Methods of Construction. These sources have stated the following perceived advantages associated with MMCs Tackling the skills shortage. An easier method of compliance to building standards. The ability to achieve high standards, including high thermal and acoustic performance. A reduction in waste materials, with a larger incentive for suppliers to reduce waste. Shorter build times. A better quality construction in finish with fewer defects. A reduction in both accidents and health concerns. Construction that is less effected by inclement weather during the build. Less local disruption in the form of noise dust and site traffic. Fewer and less skilled triads required on site. Creation of employment in a fix location due to the permanence of the factory resulting in shorter distances for the workforce to travel and thus making workforce shortages easier to address. Reduced cost/increased cost certainty, not only due to decreased erection time and economics of scale, but also do to a reduction in preliminaries, site storage requirements and welfare facilities Improved traceability of components enabling improvements to maintenance regimes. Improved accuracy and tolerances, due to the use of jigs and templates in factory conditions Reduced life-cycle costs Increased accuracy on completion dates A more simplified procurement process Reductions in CO2 emissions. Increased on-site productivity Generally increased ‘value of products Increased rate of housing supply Although not all MMC solutions offer all of these advantages, it is the opinion of the vast majority of the literature that they would have a beneficial impact on the UK construction industry, if increasingly adopted. The most significant of these drivers for an increased uptake of MMCs will be discussed in more detail in the latter part of this chapter. There are however, a number of potential barriers to increasing the adoption of these methods suggested by the sources listed above. These include: Real or perceived additional cost and the lack of accurate cost data. Long lead-in times and the associated difficulties in integrating MMCs with traditional procurement systems. Clients negative perception. The lack of publish information and guidance. Increased risk and the industries reluctance to change. The lack of published codes and standards. The lack of local availability of the materials. The lack of experience of the construction process and the materials. Difficulties obtaining finance. Insufficient worker skill. Difficulties in achieving economics of scale. The fact that the quality and durability of the techniques over time have not been proven. Difficulties integrating MMCs with traditional works. The inflexibility of factories to respond to fluctuating demand. Similarly as with the drivers, not all MMCs are perceived to have these barriers to increased integration. Again, the most significant barriers will be discussed in more detail in the latter part of this chapter. As stated in Chapter 1, due to restrictions on time all of the above drivers and barriers and their significance to an increased adoption of MMCs cannot be discussed in detail. It is for this reason that the paper will now aim to establish the most significant issues for in depth discussion. Pan (2006) produced a survey of the top 100 private housebuilders (in 2004) by unit completion, to ascertain the most prolific drivers and barriers of MMCs in their opinion. As â€Å"the top 100 house builders contributed 113,882 (65%) of the total amount (of new houses) by the industry† (Pan, 2006, p.185) in 2003, the level of use of MMCs within the sector will be largely determined by these companies. â€Å"large housebuilders () account for the vast majority of housing completions and thus are determinant in increasing the take-up of MMC technologies† (Pan, 2006, p.189) It is for this reason that the significance of the issues to these housebuilders will have a large effect on the adoption of MMCs within the housing sector. The work produced by Pan (2006), found that the top 3 advantages to MMCs from the opinion of housebuilders were addressing the skills shortage (61%), ensuring time certainty (54%) and ensuring cost certainty (54%). These results were followed closely by achieving high quality (50%) and minimising on-site duration (43%). Venables (2004, p.10) also found reductions in on-site assembly time as an important driver to MMCs adoption, but interestingly found that â€Å"the quality of production and finish as the most significant advantages†, in the opinion of suppliers. The same study by Pan (2006) found that the top 3 barriers to MMC from the opinion of housebuilders were higher capital cost (68%), difficulties in achieving economics of scale (43%), the inability to ‘freeze the design early on, and complex interfacing between systems, both at (29%). The nature of the UK planning system was also ranked relatively high by 25% of the respondents. Contrarily to this, work by Edge (2002, p.V) found that the major barrier to MMCs was the negative perception of the client. Suppliers were found by Goodier (2006, p.598) to have a similar opinion, with 65% of respondents viewing the negative image of MMCs as the major barrier to increased adoption of the methods. This demonstrates that the significance of the barriers to increasing the adoption of MMCs varies, depending on the position within the industry. Following investigation of the literature however, the overriding issues, which will now be discussed in detail, are: Addressing the skills shortage, ensuring cost certainty, improved quality, minimising onsite duration, high capital costs, difficulties in achieving economics of scale, and the perception of MMCs in and around the industry. Significance of Drivers and Barriers The negative annotations associated with modern methods of construction are an issue for the industry. Edge (2002) conducted a study to ascertain the causes for the resistance by clients and the market to prefabrication and standardisation in housing. Findings revealed that a large proportion of the resistance was within the housing industry itself. The commitment for change that was found within senior management was failing to defuse throughout the organisations enough to bring about the transformation. Interestingly the study found that the public was not resistant to new forms of construction entirely, although there was a partial resistance when considering the ‘value of the new materials and methods. The study concluded that house buyers are strongly influenced by the negative association of the post-war ‘prefab and as a result of this will resist changes to what a ‘traditional house looks like. An example of this would be the adverse media coverage that was r eceived by timber framed houses. Edge (2002, p.I) explains that this adverse media coverage severely reduced the application of this method in England to nearly 0%, whereas in Scotland it constituted 65% of new houses in 2001. The findings of Edge (2002), it would seem, have not diminished over time. Goodier (2006, p.589) found that the negative image of MMCs are â€Å"by far the greatest influence on the industrys ability to expand†. This sentiment, although not listed directly as a barrier by the housebuilders, was found by Pan (2006 p.118) to be the most significant area to tackle, in their opinion, to see increase adoption of MMCs. â€Å"There exists significant prejudice against the take-up of MMC among housebuilders and in the wider context of housing supply†. This negative view towards MMCs was also found by Edge (2002 p.I) â€Å"lenders are reluctant to give mortgages on non-traditional construction, () valuers put lower values on it () and that planners delay the process of acquiring the necessary permissions†. Edge (2002) attributes these problems to the fear of the unknown techniques and potential maintenance problems, due to MMCs unproven nature that was discussed earlier. This Negative opinion towards MMCs is likely to be having a negative effect on the adoption of the methods. To increase MMCs take-up there will need to be considerable measures taken to improve its image. These measures are discussed in more detail in chapter 4. The suggested ‘improved quality that is presented as a driver for an increased adoption of MMCs may also have an influence in changing peoples perceptions, although it would appear that the industry is aware of this advantage. Pan (2006, p.187) found that 50% of the top 100 housebuilders viewed the ability to achieve high quality as one of the top 3 drivers for MMCs. Goodier (2006, p.588) revealed similar findings, with 79% of clients and designers and 77% of contractors viewing increased quality as an advantage of MMCs. Venables (2004, p.30) found that 39% of manufacturers viewed quality as the most important advantage of MMCs. A reason for low adoption of MMCs, even though the improved quality is known as a major advantage may be due to the point raised earlier, that the commitment for change that was found within senior management was failing to defuse throughout the organisations enough to bring about the transformation. This is because the surveys that were carried out in both Goodier (2006) and Pan (2006) were answered by persons high up in the management structure and so the advantages and disadvantages of MMCs may in fact not actually be realised by the persons choosing and using the systems. There is a large amount of supporting literature that agrees that improved quality can be achieved with the use of MMCs. An example of this would be the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology who state that â€Å"MMC houses typically have fewer defects ()† (2003, p.1). The improved quality of MMC can be seen as a major driver, especially when considering that â€Å"traditional building practices often fall short in conforming to design specification† (The Market Transformation Programme 2008, p.3). A reason behind the apparent lack of impact that this advantage is having on adoption of MMC was given by The Market Transformation Programme (2008, p.3), â€Å"Changes in construction practice, such as the use of drylining instead of wet plaster and the internal walls being studwork instead of blockwork, may give the occupants the impression that houses are less solid or robust than they used to be†. This relates back to the negative perception of MMCs and the fear of the unknown that was mentioned earlier and show how it is having a much wider impact on the uptake of MMCs than was first suspected. Work produced by Pan (2006, p.189) however states that â€Å"the end market has shown little interest in how a house is built () location and price are the two main determinants of which house to buy.† It was argued that this is due to the housing shortage and that housebuilders themselves should reassess their attitudes towards MMCs. The quality of MMCs it was discussed by Taylor (2009, p.6) is greatly improved, in comparison to traditional methods. This was attributed to the controlled working conditions resulting in fully tested services and a better finish in an environment that inherently reduces risks of accidents and ill health among the workforce. The potential quality improvements that can be made with the use of MMCs will have a large impact on their take-up. This is because as quality and other advantages become more apparent within the industry, not only to the persons implementing the systems but everyone involved, than perceptions are likely to change resulting in an accelerated adoption of the methods. One of the largest incentives of an increase in the level of MMCs to be used in the UK is that of time and cost. â€Å"The construction industry () should use more offsite and standardisation in order to () reduce cost and time,† Goodier (2006, p.587). Similarly â€Å"innovative systems which take less time to construct on-site can lead to savings on, e.g. site prelims and equipment hire† NHBC Foundation (2006, p.5). Goodier (2004, p.4) supports this stating that â€Å"the belief that using off-site is more expensive when compared with traditional construction is clearly the main barrier to increased use of off-site in the UK.† This proportion of the literature suggests that there are cost and time savings to be made by the use of MMCs along with the work by Pan (2006) who found that cost certainty was viewed as a driver for 54% of the respondents. Although there is a view within the industry of cost savings, Pasquire (2004, p.2) found that â€Å"the use of off-site production, by many of those involved in the construction process, is poorly understood. Some view the approach as too expensive to justify its use ()†. This point was heighten by Venables (2004, p.33) who states that â€Å"the general view is that it (MMC) is currently more expensive.† A study conducted by The National Audit Office (2005) had similar findings, â€Å"Volumetric and hybrid methods were slightly more expensive (than traditional methods).† Lusby-Taylor (2004) also revealed that â€Å"projects would cost more than if traditionally built†. The most recent sources show that there is around 7-10% increase in MMCS costs, compared to traditional methods (The Market Transformation Programme, 2008, p.5). Taylor (2009, p.7) interesting states that â€Å"Tenders often take no account of the shorter delivery and erection times () Othe r savings are made in the reduction of preliminaries, reduced site storage requirements and welfare facilities.† This implies that the knock on savings of MMCs are often not included in the tender price. This was a sentiment that was also the opinion of Goodier in 2006 (p. 588). â€Å"Many projects are still judged purely on first or initial cost.† These sources show that there is much confusion as to the true cost of MMCs and if savings are achievable. The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology mention that accurate cost comparison is difficult as â€Å"project financial information is financially confidential† (2003, p.2) and that traditional masonry costs vary widely. The unclear cost information is quite significant in effecting the uptake of MMCs as if cost comparisons are unclear or inaccurate than there is likely to be a reluctance to move away from familiar traditional methods by actors within the industry. Gates (2004, p.2) suggests that MMCs have failed to deliver cost savings and that it is expensive because the industry is small. The fact that the industry is small is suspected to be a cause for the higher costs, â€Å"Many MMC suppliers currently design their products around tradition housing types. This is seen as a market entry strategy since it allows developers to demonstrate that a house produced using MMC components can be indistinguishable from a traditionally built home. Redesigning houses to better suit the specific characteristics of the MMC product would certainly allow for a cost reduction,† Venables (2004, p.33). This again points towards negative perception of MMCs and results in production of products aiming to look like a traditional construction. This means that improved quality and cost reductions could be achievable without the need for the products to be disguised as traditional construction. It was the opinion of The National Audit Office 2005 however th at the cost of building elements could be reduced by 15% as the MMC market matures. This is encouraging for the MMC market as a definite cost saving could result in an accelerated uptake of the methods (The Market Transformation Programme, 2008, p.3). Work produced by Goodier (2006, p.588) indicates that this may be the case with 67% of clients and designers, and 77% of contractors viewing the higher expense of MMCs as the main barrier. Whilst it is unclear as to the true cost of MMCs in comparison to traditional methods in practice, a number of studies have shown that the higher capital costs are a major issue for the industry. Pan (2006) found it to be the most significant barrier to MMCs in the opinion of the top 100 housebuilders with 68% of the respondents. This may be due to the supply chain of traditional building practices, where there is more of a uniform expenditure throughout the duration of the project. With a number of MMC techniques there is a large expenditure at the beginning of the project, for example when commissioning the construction of a large number of volumetric units, which can cause problems to the cash flows of many projects. Interestingly however, the study conducted by Goodier (2006, p588) found that reduce initial cost was in the opinion, of 44% of clients and designers, and 15% of contractors, to be an advantage of MMCs. This difference of opinion could be attributed to the vastly diff erent methods that constitute an MMC and varying project delivery methods that are used within the industry which result in lower capital costs then with the traditional equivalent. The opinions of the top 100 housebuilders show that measures are required to combat the issue of high capital costs, however it should be noted that Goodier (2006, p.590) found that only 25% of suppliers thought that a reduction costs would overcome the resistance to MMCs. It is for this reason that possible solutions are likely to include promoting the other advantages of MMCs to ensure that tenders are based on value as appose to cost. This will be discussed in more depth in chapter 4. 87% of clients and designers, and 92% or contractors in the survey conducted by Goodier (2006, p.588) found decreased construction time as the main advantage to MMCs. The study conducted by Pan (2006, p.187) found minimizing onsite duration as the 4th most important driver for increased adoption of MMC. This shows that there is a clear benefit to using MMCs with regard to construction time onsite from the industry view point. This is because much of the work can be performed in factory conditions before work is needed to take place on site. This lessens the chance of accidents and defects, and reduces reliance on clement weather. As a knock on effect there is a reduced cost of rectification of defects, equipment hire, dangerous working conditions and delays. Taylor (2009, p.7) An example of reduced time on site of a project was given by The Office Of the Deputy Prime Minister (2003, p.1) â€Å"the time on sight to complete () the project was 50 weeks, saving some 40 per cent compared with traditional site-based construction†. Venables (2004, p.33) however, makes an interesting point in that â€Å"while the actual on site assembly time for many off site manufactured components is significantly less than traditional components, the design and production lead in times, and in particular redesign times, can remove this time advantage† This point demonstrates that a major drawback of some forms of MMC, particularly those performed offsite, is the amount of pre construction work that is required in comparison to traditional methods. This point was found by Goodier (2006, p.588) as the 2nd most important barrier to an increased adoption of MMCs, with 46% of clients and designers, and 62% of contractors. Other associated problems inherent with these forms of MMC can be defects. As it has been established, MMCS generally result in fewer defects and improved quality, however when they occur, particularly in mass produced items such as a bathroom pod, the defects are likely to be present in all of the products. This is due to the repetitive nature of the construction, as opposed to traditional construction where a defect in the roof construction of a house is likely to be due to poor workmanship and expected to be present in only one roof. (The Market Transformation Programme, 2008, p.2) Venables (2004, p.33) states that if standard components can be used in a creative way to create variation in designs, whilst minimising alterations in the production lines, it will allow for the best advantages of economics of scales to be had. It should be reiterated however that Goodier (2007, p.590), found that only around 25% of the suppliers in the survey viewed a reduction in price as a means of overcoming resistance to modern methods of construction. This was in spite of the fact that it was viewed as the main barrier to MMCs adoption in the study conducted by Pan (2006). Goodier (2007, p.590) concluded that this was possibly due to the other appeals of MMCs, and so were basing their opinion on value as opposed to cost. Pan (2006, p.192) suggested that not all MMCs are applicable in all circumstances, however certain instances allow for significant gains to be had via economics of scale. By mass producing products there can be a number of benefits that result in quite substantial savings, however due to the specific instances that are required for this to take place the impact of this issue on further adoption of MMCs, as a hole, is likely to be minimal. A large proportion of the literature has expressed that a shortage of a skilled workforce as a barrier to MMC adoption. The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2003, p.3) found that in 2003, 80% of housebuilders reported difficulties with recruitment. The skills shortage it would appear does not only exist within contractors on site but also at factories where a large proportion of MMCs are constructed. 11% of the respondents in the study conducted by Pan (2006, p.188) viewed the skills shortage as a barrier to MMC use. The study conducted by Goodier (2006, p.588) found that insufficient worker skill was an issue for 21% of clients and designers and 23% of contractors. This low rating by those within the industry may be due to the point raised by The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2003, p.3), who argued that â€Å"using MMC to build house parts in factories, and faster on site construction, means that fewer labourers are required.† This would sugge st that increasing the adoption of MMCs is likely to decrease the problems found by housebuilders with recruitment. Goodier (2006, p.592) expressed that between 70% and 80% of the workforce within UK construction has no formal qualification, with a narrow skill base and limited training. The study found that the skills most lacking were Electricians, Joiners and Brick layers in the opinions of suppliers, designers and clients, and contractors. Goodier (2006, p.588) concluded that this is a driver for an increased application of MMCs, due to their findings that most within the industry viewed MMCs as requiring an equally or less skilled workforce. Contrary to this Clarke (2002) argues that â€Å"a skilled workforce is required to enable innovation () to be applied† and that due to the lack of broad basic training in construction after which they specialise, workers are usually trained for one role. This makes it difficult for the workforce to become multi skilled which is required for increasing the adoption of MMCs. Venables (2004, p.38) indicated that suppliers usually had to provide addit ional training as 89% of the general Labour available did not possess the multiple skills required. This was because suppliers normally require â€Å"semi-skilled and multi-skilled workers with a medium level of training, rather than specific trades†, (p.593). Taylor (2009, p.7) puts forward the idea that increasing the adoption of MMCs will reduce the impact of a skills shortage as permanently based factory units allow for the numbers and levels of skill to be more easily addressed than on static sites. It is also suggested that due to the lack of locally available skilled labour, the workforce will have to travel large distances with traditional construction, where as with offsite methods the workforce can be more centrally based increasing local employment. This shows that the skills shortage in some instances is acting as a driver of MMC adoption but at the same time may actually be limiting its take-up. A lack of skill on site may drive for an increased use of prefabricated components that require less skill to construct (Goodier, 2006, p.588), but if suppliers and manufactures of the products cannot obtain the skills required to build the components than MMC adoption is likely to fall. Chapter 4 will discuss the potential solutions suggested within the literature for coping with a shortage of skill in the workforce. Summary The discussion so far has established that there are a number of potential barriers and drivers to the industry if attempting to increase the adoption of MMCs. Major barriers have been determined and include: the negative public perception, the perceived or actual higher cost, the perceived or actual higher initial cost and the shortage of skills. The major drivers were also determined, these include, improved quality, reduced onsite duration and, again, the shortage of skills. Although advantageous to the industry it was discussed that they also have their own associated drawbacks.

Factors in organisations that would influence choice of leadership styles

Factors in organisations that would influence choice of leadership styles Identify factors in organisations that would influence choice of leadership styles and explain why leadership styles are likely to positively affect team building Leadership styles are currently different across the globe, especially between Asia and America. Culture makes the way how things are done, but less so what is done. The differences of styles in different parts of world clearly reflect the stage of development of the economies, like companies of Asia. As Asian companies seek access to global capital markets, they will move toward professional managers who will employ leadership styles most likely to those now used in the United States and Europe. Mostly Asian companies rely more on professional employees, and as professional services become of more importance in Asian economies, there will be less autocratic style of leadership and more participative and even empowered style of leadership will emerge. Asian leadership will show more resemblance to that of the West. But significant cultural differences will remain unchanged causing economic and geopolitical rivalries within Asia and between Asian countries and the West will continue and perhaps grow. Family and political connections: Cultural differences are very important, For example, family leadership of business which passes by one generation to another, including in large companies, occurs in very similar ways in both parts, East and West, but is more common in Asia. Li Ka-shing ( Hong Kong-based Hutchison Whampoa and Cheung Kong holding group), for instance, runs his business closely and is planning to pass the leadership of his firms to his two sons. Similarly, in America the heads of some largest firms, both publicly held and private, belong to the families that founded the firms, but there is less freedom of action for executives and boards in America than in Asia. But in America, more commonly firms are run by professional managers who are replaced by other professional managers, either as result of retirement or of replacement by the board of directors of the firm. The better companies have much sophisticated programs for developing executives within the firm, and in most cases, choose a next chief executive officer from among them. In Asia, succession in most cases is passed on to the siblings. In Lis case, he is passing it to his sons, while Jack Welch chose to groom CEOs for General Electric. To a significant level, large American firms are at a higher stage of development than many Asian firms, they have passed from founders family leadership to professional management and to capital obtained from the capital markets rather than obtained from government directly or indirectly or from family sources, in this transition they have adopted particular styles of leadership responsive to boards often led by outside directors. It is possible, but not certain, that Asian firms as they develop, follow this evolutionary path. In Asia political connections so important for top business leaders as compared to Western countries, whether in democracies or one-party states are not unknown but are much less important in America and Europe. It is a common characteristic of Asian top executives that they have strong connections that are important to their businesses. In America, the CEOs of very large firms often have less or no direct connections to top politicians-the government is treat ed at arms length and business is done by business people. There are some off course, and there is deep political involvement, but it is much less common than in Asia. Furthermore, leadership is of three levels where team is the base of it, so as a result of this all leadership styles affect in positively towards team building. With reference a relevant leadership model, explain how an organisations working practices could be improved, by collecting feedback from others. Assumptions: Involvement of people working in organization for decision-making improves the understanding of the issues. People are more committed to actions when they have involved in the relevant decision-making. People become less competitive and more collaborative when they work on joint goals. When people make decisions together, the social commitment between them is greater and thus increases their commitment to the decision. Several brains deciding together make better decisions than on brain alone, for such situation participative leadership style is widely used. Style: A Participative Leader, instead of taking autocratic decisions, seeks to involve other people in the decision making, possibly including subordinates, colleagues, superiors and other stakeholders. Often, however, as it is within the managers control to give or deny control to his or her subordinates, most participative activity is within the immediate team. The question of how much influence others are given in the process of decision making, may vary on the managers preferences and beliefs, and a whole spectrum of participation is possible. Businesses in the world need to focus greatly on smarter working practices in order to remain competitive in the global economy and to prosper, leading experts have claimed. Most business leaders acknowledge that smarter working practices will help to improve staff wellbeing and make businesses more inclusive. In particular, experts say that it is necessary to reduce the average length of the working week in the organizations, as well as cutting down commuting time. Both of these things always lead to worker stress and ill health. Some experts also say that technology could play an important role in helping to improve working practices in the in todays worstile and sophisticated business. Recently in UK, figures from the Office for National Statistics were published which showed that broadband internet connections have helped the number of home workers increase by 18 per cent over the last nine years in this decade. Similarly, data from BT Business recently indicated that faster internet connections had helped the bosses of small businesses achieve a better work-life balance. Explain why it is so important to make effective and efficient use of your teams knowledge and skills while planning to achieve work objectives TEAM EFFECTIVENESS The importance of work teams appears to be gaining strength as jobs get long and complicated, organizational structures get more complex, and more and more companies become multi-national in scope . In todays corporate environment, it appears the team not the individual holds the key to business success. DREAM EFFECTIVENESS As companies restructure, downsize, and reinvent themselves, the new roles being created which often tend to be team-oriented. Organizations are becoming flatter, leaner, and more agile and efficient. A prominen and most commont feature of effectiveness today is satisfying customer needs. Many jobs and projects are becoming increasingly complex, less time available for completion, and global in scope due to fast changing business world. All these factors collectively are making it increasing difficult for one person to perform a single job. Todays workplace uses teams as the basic work unit for example surgical units, airplane crews, research and development teams, production crews. Although teams are found everywhere in organizations but most employee related functions are individualized (e.g., selecting, training, evaluating, rewarding). Such a disconnection between an organizations need to foster effective teams and its natural tendency to focus on the individual employee can create many problems. In addition, some research suggests a key reason why some teams fail is that employees are not well prepared to make the transition from individual contributor to team member. One of the keys to develope high performing teams is to remember that successful teams do not simply happen. They take much effort and time. They take proper guidance and support from the team leader. They require an organizational culture which enables and enhance team work. To achieve a high level of team performance, we must be knowledgeable about the factors which influence team dynamics and effectiveness. To understand how teams work, many authors have proposed models of team performance. Each of these models presents several variables that the author posits influence the effectiveness of teams. Some of the models highlight group structure and interpersonal dynamics, while others tend to focus on the talent and motivation of individual team members. Still others emphasize factors external to the team itself (e.g., a companys culture). Some models were proposed more than three decades ago in 1970s; some were developed within the past few years. Identify and describe barriers to delegation in the workplace and one mechanism to support delegation in the workplace Managers often have a number of excuses for not delegating: I can do it better myself; My employees just arent capable enough; It takes too much time to explain what I want to be done. The real reason may be the manager is simply too disorganized or inflexible to delegate work effectively. Other barriers to delegation are insecurity and confusion about who is ultimately responsible for a specific task the manager or the employee. Managers cannot sidestep their responsibility to higher ups simply by delegating difficult or unpleasant tasks. They are always accountable for the actions of their employees a fact that makes some managers reluctant to take a chance on delegating. Others fear that delegating reduces their own authority. Still others feel threatened if their employees do too good a job. Some employees on the other hand, want to avoid responsibility and risk. They prefer that their managers make all the decisions. These barriers can be overcome if managers follow certain guidelines for effective delegation. Supportive elements for delegation: Factors from manager point of view: An   effective and   talented   manager   would   delegate, who   has   interest   in   developing   the   subordinates. An overload   of   work   could also   force   a   manager to delegate decision making power. The   task   may   Ã‚  recur   in   the   future or   frequently The   Tasks in   hand   are  critical for long-term success   Ã‚  and   genuinely do need your attention The   subordinates   have   the   necessary   experience, expertise   Ã‚  to handle   the   Ã‚  tasks and ability that could help manager and other higher officials . The tasks timelines and deadlines, for example. i : How much time is there available to do the job? ii: Is there time to do the job all again if its not done properly the first time? iii: What are the possible consequences of not completing the job on time? iv: Your expectations or goals for the   task(s) v: How important is it that the results generated are of the highest possible standard and quality? vi: Is an adequate result good enough? vii: Would a failure be crucial? Viii: How much would failure impact other things? FACTORS FROM   Ã‚  THE STAFF POINT of view:   Ã‚   The   Ã‚  staff has the expertise to complete the job. The delay is acceptable, if the staff cant complete. The staff is keen to take the opportunity to grow/ develop. Explain techniques that could be used to monitor the outcomes of delegation in the workplace After the process of delegation is completed then comes the measurement stage of its outcomes and mostly same techniques are used for measurement, which are often used to measure the performance at a broader level, for company performance. Same 8 step process is used for the outcomes of delegation which is most commonly used as performance measurement. To evaluate how the subordinates are performing, for this some targets are set before the delegation, as goals are set for organisation this stage is of two parts, data about the performance of subordinates and the benchmark. To control the things to ensure that subordinates are doing the right things. Today managers do not control their subordinates mechanically (measurement of time-and-motion for control as during Taylor) as couple of decades they used to, but managers still use different measures to control, while allowing some space for freedom in the workforce. Organisation create measurement systems that involve particular actions they want to be executed by branch employess. Then they want to measure the performance to see whether the employees have taken those actions. Officials need to measure behavior of individuals (subordinates in this case) then compare this performance with requirements to check who has and has not complied. Often such requirements are described only as guidelines. Do not be fooled. These guidelines are legally requirements and those requirement are designed to control the things. This measurement of meeting with these requirements is the mechanism of control. To budget the process of any kind is sometime answer to improving performance for example providing better technological equipments could improve the performance. To motivate subordinates after giving significant goals to achieve and then using measurements of performance for better outcomes. Motivation is one of three elements of performance; ability and environment. To celebrate the accomplishments keep subordinates tie together and give them a sense of their individual as well as collective relevance, celebration also helps in performance improvement because it brings attention to the goals and promotes competence and attracts resources. To promote, at broader level of company performance managers convince political superiors, stakeholders, journalists, and citizens that their company is doing good job but to monitoring the delegation outcomes this stage is used to promote the work of subordinates. To learn from the delegation is also a very important stage, this involves that how whether it has brought desired results or not. This stages data is also very useful in future decision making. To improve the things that we learned at previous stage, this means to identify places that need improvements.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Child Maltreatment

â€Å"The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act† states’ that â€Å"child abuse is the leading cause of death in children under the age of eighteen.† Child abuse occurs when adults inflict violence and cruelty upon children. Abuse is any willful act that results in physical, mental, or sexual injury that causes or is likely to cause the child to be physically, mental, or emotionally impaired. Abuse happens to children of any age, sex, race, religion, and social status.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different types of child abuse. There is maltreatment and sexual abuse. Maltreatment is an area that encompasses many different things, such as physical abuse, child neglect, and emotional abuse. Physical abuse may begin with â€Å"shaken – baby syndrome† and escalate to routine spanking, stabbing, punching, hitting, beating, biting, burning, and any other thing that harms a child. The adult doing this may not intend to cause harm, but it is still abuse. Physical abuse may lead to brain damage, disfigurement, blindness, and even death. An average of 5.5 children per 10,000 enrolled in a day care are sexually abused. In the United States more than 125,000 children suffer injuries intentionally inflicted by their caretaker, and between 2,000 and 5,000 of these children die as a result of their injuries. In 1994 3.4 million cases of child abuse were reported. Child neglect is when a caregiver fails to give a child the care, and the supervision they need to stay physically and mentally healthy. Child neglect is when parents or the caregivers fail to provide for the children’s basic needs such as clothing, food, shelter, and so on. Child neglect takes many forms such as physical, educational, and emotional neglect. Physical neglect can be seen as a refusal or delay to provide medical attention to a child. If an infant or child is not bathed or kept clean, this is physical neglect. Abandonment, kicking a minor out of the house, lack of parental supervision, leaving the child unattended, or not allowing a runaway to return home may also be seen as physical neglect. Educational neglect includes allowing your child to become truant, not enrolling them in school, or depriving them of special education classes if they need it. Along with their physical needs, children also have emotional needs. All children should have a safe and stable ho me environment where they are loved and nurture... ...; a teen line for kids age 11 – 19; a crisis information – referral center for adults age 18 and older; and the last part is the information center, which gives out general information on child abuse. Each section is staffed by Certified Crisis Specialists that have gone through extensive training. ICAN can be found online, where you can access information submitted by professionals. Corrine A. Fraund and Sue A. Meier founded ICAN. Because they are a non – profit organization any donations would be greatly appreciated and used. For further information you can call 1-888 224-4226 or send a donation to: International Child Abuse Network Yes ICAN 7657 Winnetka Avenue #155 Canoga Park, CA 91306-2677 References Bierker, Susan B. About Sexual Abuse. Springfield, Ill.: C.C. Thomas, 1989. Calam, Rachel. Child Abuse and its consequences: observational approaches. Cambridge, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Hopper, Jim, Ph.D. Child Abuse: Statistics, Research, and Resources. http: www.jimhopper.com/abstats/ Martina, Harold P. The Abused Child: a multidisciplinary approach to developmental issues and treatment. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Pub. Co., 1976.

Faraday Essay -- Science, Inventions

According to the author of this obituary, what aspects of Faraday’s life and work contributed to his reputation? How does the picture presented in the obituary compare to the picture presented in Book 1, Chapter 4? There are two questions to answer for this TMA. To answer the first question one needs to know the definition of Reputation: the estimation in which a person or thing is generally held; opinion,(E. Dictionary, 2006). It is also necessary to know what in life and work contributed to his reputation. The second question, one needs to understand what it means to Compare: to regard or represent as analogues or similar; liken, (E.Dictionary, 2006). It is also necessary to examine and compare the two pictures. The picture created of the life and work from the obituary, in The Times, 28 August 1867, p.7,'(Assignment Book, 2008), is a very obscure one. An individual reading this extract would find it difficult to know exactly what Michael Faraday had invented, or discovered. There is no exact knowledge, no mention of creation, nothing to indicate unique developments ...

Lobotomy and the Quest for the I-Function :: Biology Essays Research Papers

A large concern of the field of neurobiology seems to be finding and understanding a connection between the structure and function of the nervous system. What tangible system of tissues is responsible for creating a given perceived output? Some outputs can be more easily traced back to a specific 'motor symphony' and the involved structures isolated. This problem has obsessed generations of scientists. One of the first of this generation of researcher was F.J. Gall who promoted the idea that observable features of the brain could lead to an understanding of specific traits of action (7). Gall's greatest opponent, Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens published research on localization of function and among his findings was evidence for sensory perception in certain sub-cortical structures (7). However, when Flourens examined the cerebrum he did not get such clean results. He found that damage to the cerebrum would not compromise specific abilities in the patient based on area, but incapacitate the patient in different ways based on the extent of the created lesion. In other words, damage to the cerebrum effected a diminution of 'higher mental faculties' such as "perception intellect and will" according to how great the lesion actually was, not according to where in the hemispheres it occurred (7). His conclusion proposed these higher mental faculties as existing throughout the structures of the cerebrum, and not isolated as with sensory perception. How is it possible to attribute, say elements of personality to a specific structure? Is their a region of the brain responsible for the way we are? A 'nice' region, an 'angry' gland? Here we encounter the ever ephemeral concept of where the I-function lies within the nervous system. Flourens' experiments, as well as many in the field of physiological psychology involved in great part injuring or impairing a section of the nervous system and then observing resultant changes in behavior. Indeed, much scientific discovery stems from observation of impairment-using disability as a way to understand ability. This method is a bit of turning observations on their heads-what one observes in a damaged patient might provide clues as to what one would observe in a healthy patient. This sort of process of elimination method of observation is an especially applicable tool when the structures and functions involved are little understood. In the case of locating where aspects of personality may come from, this is definitely true-much is left unexplained about what creates a human sense of individuality and character.

Achilles and the Embassy Book Ix of the Iliad

Achilles’ Decision on the Embassy An extremely large problem in the world today and in Homeric times as well, is people not knowing how to set their pride aside and clean up their own messes. In Book IX of The Iliad, we see Agamemnon’s struggle with war and Achilles personal war in his own head. Achilles is not a door mat for Agamemnon, nor should he be; Achilles is a great warrior. Book IX truly illustrates what kind of men they both are. Achilles is right to refuse the embassy in Book IX because he keeps his honor as a man and a warrior intact.Agamemnon is a man of terrible character and he does not understand what honor is at all. Sending others to do his dirty work is morally wrong. He has shamefully treated Achilles as if he is a second-class citizen, and he always has. Agamemnon barely makes an attempt to win Achilles, the greatest warrior Homeric times have ever known, over. He offers Achilles many women and gifts, including â€Å"the one he took away at first, Briseus’ daughter, and he [swears] a solemn, binding oath in the bargain he never mounted her bed† (332-334).Agamemnon offers everything in the book to Achilles begging him to come back, but what really shows his character is that he sent others to propose the deal. Even worse, he says if Achilles accepts he can come back if Achilles would â€Å"bow down to [Agamemnon] I am the greater king, I am the elder-born, I claim-the greater man† (192-193). Achilles is a remarkable warrior and an honorable man. He has been treated as second-rate to Agamemnon for a long time. Agamemnon needs Achilles on his side if he wants any hope of defeating the Trojans and even he admits it through Odysseus in multiple pages of Book IX.If he honestly thought winning the war without Achilles leading the Achaean troops he would not have even bothered sending Odysseus, Ajax, and Phoenix. Agamemnon may be a better king and war strategist than Achilles would be, but he is not the warrior th at Achilles is, he could never achieve the same status. Achilles gives the Achaean soldiers hope and drive that Agamemnon cannot provide. Achilles has dealt with the way he has been treated for long enough. He just wants to go home and live his life instead of risking it for someone who thinks he is better than Achilles.He retains more of his honor going home and living a full life than if he would accept the bribe that has been placed in front of him. At least that way Achilles is not telling the world that he can be bought. Agamemnon needs to personally go to Achilles and ask for forgiveness. Not accepting the embassy is definitely the most appropriate choice that Achilles can make. By rejecting Agamemnon’s feeble pleas to return to battle he is more likely to live a long, happy life. Achilles shows the world that he cannot be purchased by anyone and that he is not a spineless door mat who is okay with being treated in such a terrible manner constantly.In the defining momen ts of Book IX we see how completely opposite Achilles and Agamemnon are of each other. Achilles is the hope of an entire army and Agamemnon can clearly not get his act together. Agamemnon should have gone to Achilles himself instead of sending others, to ask him to come back. If he knew what he was doing Agamemnon would have approached him and spoken to him as a true equal and apologized for all of his wrong-doings. Refusing the embassy is the right thing for Achilles to do; it keeps his honor undamaged as a warrior and a man.

Pampers

The founders was throng risk, a soap maker and William Procter, a candle maker and in Cincinnati in 1837. It is the producer of various everyday headquarters base goods. It is a key marketplace drawing card within the consumer 140 countries, produces over three hundred brands and has loyal customers worldwide. Comp all three profession units beauty (33%), health and headspring- being (21%), domicile c atomic number 18 (46%). P&G delivers its goods to do drugs stores, mass merchandisers, social status club stores and food market stores. mars this is unrivalled of the intimately famous subversive harvest- sequences of the Procter and Gamble, founded by Victor Mills. Pampers was especially make up to meet the m otherwise(a)s need in innovational point of intersection on the market which go a substance lighten the wash of the cloth document and also leak historic period of them. This ware came in the late sasss. Procter & Gambles developing of the diaper changed th e diapering habits of consumers worldwide. Consumers locomote from purchasing the cloth diapers to fluid diaper, which is remedy to baberens skin, convenient to store, and has a good impairment comparing with cloth diapers.The comp anys specialists developed an portentous three-piece construction to take up the wetness, allocate it consistently and transmit gas to the leaky core without passing it recessively to the skin. Procter and Gamble revived more than Just public convenience ease and comfort for consumers. Pampers brought health benefits to babies who wasting disease Pampers. Clinical studies remove shown that children who routine Pampers have drier skin, and slight frequent and less severe diaper skin c ar than those who use cloth diapers.P diapers be straight off distributed to more than 80 countries worldwide, with this representing a study contributor to Procter and Gamble world profits. (P, n. D. ) 1. 2 Core customer issues The disposable diapers market i s a very profitable. In ELK, in that location be active seven endured and fifty dollar bill thousand births for each twelvecalendar month and the diapers argon usually worn for three years. It is represents a relatively short customer life history for Pampers. The arrival of the Huggins challenges Pampers dominance of the handed-down disposable diaper market in 1991.Huggins had acquire 17% of the market by 1997 and it is arriver 30% in year 2000. Huggins keep to take sh be through a combination of competitive pricing and product innovation. One of the carriages of Huggins was promoted aggressively using their commence and Baby Club and television. Huggins loud be the market leader in the legislate of 2001 which is showed in growth pattern projections. more mothers think that Huggins was the leader of market. When they interviewed, there was more discussion active la experiment intelligence cultivation of Huggins.It reflects the growing strength of the Huggins brand . Trend abridgment and consumer research found that there atomic number 18 two key trends affecting Pampers impaction on the marketplace. The most up-to-date information from friends, the net or print replaces the way of UK mums in the way of making decisions and traditional reliance on advice from health professionals and p atomic number 18nts. Pampers ar forced by the proliferation of information conduct to find out a naked as a jaybird way to knock down the background noise to reach potential customers. DIM, 2012) To build gross sales and honour customer subjection by recognise the consumer for purchasing their products, the customer truth programs atomic number 18 introduced by Pampers which imply take over assays, sweepstakes, sales promotions of coupons and rewards. Pampers uses straight selling strategies to maintain customer loyalty once a consumer be get holds a Pampers member. The strategies include impeling pamphlets and brochures with classic inform ation about each development wooden leg as the nonusers child grows bit promoting their products that fit each particular stage.While educating the consumer with blue-chip information pertaining to their growing child, Pampers is doing a large(p) Job at promoting its products. bring ups are provideed the probability to share their babys pictures with the whole social field of study by Pampers. It is showing marketers that being where your customers are the first step in toddling towards achiever in its Love, Sleep and Play campaign. It is launched in July 1 and runs until August 6 in year 2013. This campaign encourages moms and dads living in conglutination the States to upload pictures of their babies loving, playing and sleeping to the brands Faceable page.Then, Pampers allow display the guideed images on Twitter, the online header pages and Faceable. The chat manager of North America for Pampers, Mary Woods says social is a natural environment for the brands cust omers because its where they already conversation with other parents, as well as with the brand. She also says Pampers collected more than 20,000 motion picture submissions in less than three weeks of the campaigns launch. (Else Duper, 2013) 3. 0 graphic symbol of indicate institutionalize service in relation to other channel . Direr post Pampers come in mail package come with a variety of shapes and sizes, making it make out one of the most flexible direct marketing media. An envelope, a brochure, a letter and a reaction device are included in a regulation direct mail package. It is to motivate the telephone receiver to open the standard direct mail package. The envelope must differentiate itself from other mail by its size, appearance and any copy that might be pen on it regardless of the volume of mail a individual receives. It provides the fortune to today address the interests and concerns of the recipient.The benefits of the detailed offer are usually clarified b y the letter. Recipients are able to illustrate about the benefits of the offer from the brochure in letter. Illustrated brochures are apply to sell services as well as products. The letter must include Response rates are largely higher when it is separated from the letter or brochure. Recipient can respond via telephone, toll-free numbers are always conspicuously displayed. The right timing, the right offer, the right person and the right format are factors in a successful direct marketing and it can be examined in direct mail.Mailers can run a test mailing to determine the response from a list before rolling out, or mailing the entire list by using computer technologies which can select a randomized name sample from any list. Direct mail provides the most follow-effective way of achieving the highest possible response in relation to the other direct marketing media. Telemarketing is much highest cost per response but it typically produces a higher response rate. 3. 2 Role of d irect mail has changed since the a rotate of the net income The role of direct mail has changed since the rise of the internet cause it slow, expensive and time consuming. there are young technologies which are gripe codes in nowadays. It allows a customer to be taken from the printed piece to a mesh location by using a mobile smart device equipt with a camera and an internet connection. The marketer benefits from the physical attributes of printed mail while leverage the power of online experiences for reinforcement of the meat, persuasion, and better reincarnation with this technology. 3. 3 Role of TV (Interactive television) Pampers use interactive television (TV) as communication dodging.Through the internet, interactive television combines the emotive strength of TV advertising with the depth and personalization available. It is the best-loved interactive device in the home for nowadays and in the future. When the viewers are registered to receive a newsletter, selective information will be captured. The newsletter can be emailed to personal computer or television. contingency to see themselves and their babies on TV in the baby gallery or in the video stadium talking about baby development issues significant babies, real mums, real tips are provided to parents.It also offers consumers the opportunity to sit a frequently asked questions area and to give feedback. 3. 4 Role of Internet Procter & Gambles Pampers are good consumers struggle to piddle and maintain differentiation from other disposable diaper brands percent. It is established to increase in a variety of ways, such as Pampers bladesite (wry. Pampers. Com) basic product via an Internet site. Pampers Perks loyalty program which consumers have to collect points from Pampers diapers and wipes secure and exchange them for the Sesame Street and Fisher-Price toys.Recently the customers are provided a chance to in a Chrysler minivan filled with diapers through Pampers Fantastic Sweepstakes . There is a convenient way to send a supply of Pampers such as Fisher-Price toy to a friend are provided in Pampers Gifts Packs. Pampers Parenting Institute provides advice from experts in child care, health and development through Parent Pages and it delivered by e-mail and customized to each stage of life from the third trimester through age four. The purpose of Pampers Parenting Institute as a public service campaign is to reduce the risk of sudden infant cobblers last syndrome visible driver.Pampers is the second most popular baby care sites on the web with hundred million unique visitors per month because of the Pampers Parenting Institute. According to Advertising Age, consumers visiting the Pampers website are 30% more likely to deprave effective. It provide unified communications which integrates e-mail, data transmission, instant messaging, voice transmission and electronic conferencing services. Web conferencing with Live Meeting, Microsoft Live communications bonifac e functionality and content management with Sharpening is the other services that included.Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft Office Sharpening Server support multiple users with meeting schedules, shared calendars and mailboxes and Sharpening lists. Through offering support for customers, client Relationship Marketing provides competitive prefer to organization on a endless basis while focusing on every customers wants and needs ensuring that these are fulfill in the best way (Hut and Sped, 2004). This strategy are successfully reduces the amount of cost that have to spend to seek new customers and gained the loyalty from customers (Hut and Sped, 2004).It shows the significance of managing the CRM and ensuring that all employees are well-equipped with knowledge of how to cope with any problems or complaints and how to treat customers that might happen from being involved directly with the customers (Taylor, 2007). Finally, Pampers has been successful in positioning its brand. They are consistent with their message and their consumers are well informed about their products. Pampers is successfully promoting its products while educating individuals about the developmental stages from newborns to toddlers.Of course, there is always room for improvements. Extending the product line to include bath products is one recommendation. Some examples could include Pampers shampoos, soaps, lotions, and oils. Pampers could promote their product by including coupons within or on their packaging. This encourages customer loyalty by rewarding the consumer with extra savings. Maybe Pampers could come up with reward points by issuing membership cards and each time utilize they earn points that add up to Pamper dollars and then redeemed when purchasing any Pampers products.

Thin Film Solar Cell

Abstract: Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun wired and collected elsewhere, namely the Earth. Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. Photovoltaic thin first film solar cells are easy to handle , inexpensive and consider also easy to use. Thin film panel is flexible and empty can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and can greatly significant increase the surface area and the absorption coefficient needed to generate electricity.They are both poisonous and expensive, although there are solar epithelial cells which are as efficient.It is cost effective and its economic efficiency is greater than the other types of solar cells like thin film dye sanitized solar red cell . Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun and collected elsewhere. click All solar cells are made of silicon.Thin- Film Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar potential energy into electricity.Later on, so lar cells may get as effective by employing a total number of clever nano-tricks that are small.

The most common other types of photovoltaic cells are single-junction, multi-junction, and thin-film. A thin film panel is flexible logical and can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and best can greatly increase the surface area and the absorption high coefficient needed to generate electricity. Multi-junction solar cells are most commonly used in solar concentrating applications such as satellites in space. many Today we use solar power to do many things.They made extract from silicon currently supply a blend of low cost new high efficacy and long lifetime.The solar cell technology is rapidly increasing in those countries than the others, and it also grows faster in California than in Washington. Polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are based on those other compounds which have the efficiencies up to 19. 2%. Nowadays, it is increased by 20.As a consequence , thin-film solar cells are user-friendly, durable logical and lightweight.

The band gap on the top of the solar cell around 1. 6-1. 8 EV. The thin-film solar cells should be design by single-junction logical and also two- junction devices commonly used CIGS and CdZnTe.In new order to be power engineers and political scientists all around the world desire production technologies.Copper indium metallic gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS) 4. Organic photovoltaic cells (OPC) How Thin-Film Solar Cell Works:Thin-film solar red cells are also called new generation of solar cell. This single cell contains multiple layers of PV material. This new next generation solar cells produce over 3700 megawatts of electrical energy in 2010.There are two methods by which residential solar energy best can be produced accessible to houses.

These cells are built keyword with thin –film technology. Most of them are very small about an inch long and ? inch wide. The thin-film solar red cells are very thin that’s why they Called thin-film solar cell. Thin-film solar cell is different than the silicon wafer.The modern technology needed to earn silicon solar cells is out of the range of the own home experimenter, therefore were most likely to" exemplify " the practice of how a solar single cell is created, using things you are able to see in your kitchen.As you can vacant see in the figure (2). (Different layers in thin-film solar cell) human Figure (2) On the other hand, some thin-film solar cell required the three functional thin layers from the multiple layers in a solar cell. These twenty three have different important function. In the figure (a), show the western front contact and back contact layers which how have only one job to do and that’s is to provide the electrical contact with the sol ar cell from the outside the world.Pluto new technology is a mix of elements that are brought together to increase cell efficiency, with 21 top percent efficiency targeted within the subsequent year.

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 3. metallic Copper indium gallium deselenide (CIGS). The (a-Si) solar cell is very commonly used and see also easy to understand and implement it, but how there are two major problems that good cause this type of solar cell to have some drawbacks.Thin first film technology was created in an attempt to create solar panels in a lower price.The Advantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell:1. Thin-film solar cell is very cheaper than the type silicon solar cell2. They are also available in thin wafer sheet.3.Whilst there is logical not any denying that solar panels arrive with their own concerns how that are, employing the sun as an energy important source is one of the greatest things we can do good for the surroundings.

001 mm or more, but the crystalline solar red cells are . 15-. 2 mm thick.5.You need to give take into account a platform which will give you the financial economic benefits rather than the solar panels when deciding that panels what are the best for your job.Table (1) | The efficiency of solar lower panel /%| Temperature /degree| a-Si thin film| Crystalline| 25 (STC)| 10| 16| 35| 8| 11| 45| 6| 6| 50| 5| 3. 5| The Disadvantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell: 1. Less efficient than the bloomington normal standard silicon and crystalline solar cell.See table (2) below.The solar cell left panel will probably be rather thin.