Strategic Cost Management Fashion Manufacturing Industry

Question: Describe about the Strategic Cost Management for Fashion Manufacturing Industry. Answer: 1. In the case of a Fashion Manufacturing Industry, the factors are discussed as under, as explained by Gibson Fraser, (2013). Political Political stability of the operational area Governments policies connected with the trade Garment Import / Export policies Economical Global economic impacts Impact of customer demand Impact on Price due to currency fluctuation Social It is a fast changing fashion Every season sees a new consumption pattern Consumers are sensitive to company values Technological Internet is ushering faster technologies 52% of production damages occur during the stitching New production methodologies are emerging Legal Garment industry being a cross-country operation, faces legal challenges from many countries Labour laws vary from country to country Trade Unions with vested interests are unreliable Enovironmental Cotton crops use 2.5% of cultivable land but use 25% of insecticides and 11% of pesticides worldwide Producing 1kg of cotton uses 15 litres of water From production to selling a jean requires 25 litres of oil, as detailed by Gibson Fraser, (2013). In the case of Levi, says Richard (ed.), (2014), the important threats are Cross-country legal implications Currency fluctuations Policies of different governments Domestic entrants in countries where Levi sells Factors affecting the Personal Pair jeans are Change in fashion choice of consumers Competition from cheaper jeans Time factor in producing the pair 2. Profitability per Pair of Levi Jeans Particulars Wholesale Retail Gross Receipt $35 $50 LESS: Markdown $3 $5 Net Receipt $32 $45 COGS Cotton Cost $5 $5 Manufacturing Conversion $5 $5 Distribution Costs $9 $11 Total COGS $19 $21 Gross Margin $13 $24 Selling, General Administrative Costs $9 $19 Profit before Tax $4 $5 3. Levi is trying to enter the field of personal tailoring and for that it plans to make the dependency of its product on three factors, as per Richard (ed.), (2014) The knowledge, experience and judgment of the Sales Clerk managing the kiosk and who is the prime source of information about the customers fitment measures. The interpretation of this fitment measure by the software provided by the CCTC and subsequent selection of the right material and stitching instructions to the manufacturing base. The correct understanding and more important, the accurate implementation of these measures by the individual tailor who will be stitching the pair. All these factors have elements of risk, thereby increasing the chances of creating a pair of tailor-made jeans which eventually are not to the satisfaction of the customer who has ordered. The biggest success factor of tailor-made clothes is that the person who takes the measurements has met the customer physically and knows the customers build. Eventually this makes the garments fitting very accurate, as described by Richard (ed.), (2014). 4. Levi should increase the sale price of the customised jeans by 50% to $75 because of the factors discussed hereunder. The Personal Pair of Jeans which Levi has introduced is a personalised service, which involves the cost of maintaining a specialised cabin for the customer, a Sales Clerk exclusively trained for such customers, a software company to manage the data and a separate section of tailors who will stitch each pair as per the customised measures given. This will increase the production cost, will require more space at the retail outlets and the manufacturing units will have to maintain a separate section for this customised segment, as explained by Moens Jones (ed.), (2013). Based on these estimated factors, the COGS and S, G A will go up by about 30% and another 5% will have to be added for the increased investment on the retail and manufacturing space. Levi has also to take into account the additional cost of 10% which it will be paying to the software company. Another 5% is the anticipated costs related to contingencies, returned orders and taxes, say Moens Jones (ed.), (2013). 5. Profitability per Personal Pair of Levi Jeans Particulars Retail Gross Receipt $75 LESS: Markdown $5 Net Receipt $70 COGS Cotton Cost $5 Manufacturing Conversion $13 Distribution Costs $12 Total COGS $30 Gross Margin $40 Selling, General Administrative Costs $25 Profit before Tax $15 6. Marketing Strategy Objective The foremost objective is that of marketing strategy so as to make the company profitable. For Levi this is important as Levi Jeans has lost out to many a start-up companies and it is important for the company to attract customers. Attracting new customers is possible only if the company becomes known for innovative products and newer marketing strategies in the jeans-market, assert Gibson Fraser, (2013). Positioning Objective The companys marketing strategy is based on innovation, targeting new products and positioning itself to numero uno position. Positioning can be attained by designing a new offering to the customers with an image which can place the company back to its distinctive position in the minds of the large target market. The ultimate goal of the company is to relocate the brand in the minds of those customers who need to be targeted for generating maximised potential benefit for the company, assert Schaffer, Agusti Dhooge, (2014). A better positioning of the companys established brand can help the companys marketing strategy because it will generate a renewed interest in the brand. Target Objective The companys targets can be achieved through this unique way by introducing the new concept of Personal Pair Jeans. For the customers of Levi Jeans, the essence of this new concept will be to emphasize that Levi Jeans are being custom made. It will also send a strong message to the customers that they need not go through the long process of trying several pairs of regular jeans. The customer will be treated uniquely at the companys retail outlet and they can walk-in and order a customised jean of their choice, liking and fitting. As per Schaffer, Agusti Dhooge, (2014), ushering in a new unique experience for the large number of already existing Levi Jeans customers, who have tried the old process of purchasing a pair of jeans, this easiness of getting a customised jeans will definitely bring about an ever changing demand in the market with numerous choices available at the point of sale. The biggest advantage of this Target Positioning Strategy will be that the similarities and diff erences between Levi and its rival brands will be more clearly defined. Levi, with its long market positioning, its dedicated customer base across the globe has the potential to take a decision on the positioning required by determining and identifying the target markets, the competition and the differences and similarities between the rival brands and what Levi can offer, explains Richard (ed.), (2014). Levis Advantage Objective Levi Strauss Co. has commanded a worldwide market dominance during the 80s when it introduced its 501 Product Line. But with profits continuing to nose dive due to a decrease in its product demand and the continuous rise of the competition. During the period from 2000 to 2007, Levis faced the toughest of competition when the competitors were successful in taking away a large portion of Levis market share because of their heavy advertising and branding techniques. The new starters were able to chip away Levis market share because they were able to capture selective segments. Companies such as Calvin Klein were successful in their brand positioning as they were able to target the high-end consumers, as detailed by Richard (ed.), (2014). Levis biggest competitor, VF Corp. decided to purchase Seven For All Mankind as its market entry product. Thus, VF Corp captured the low-end jean customer, whereas Calvin Klein began capturing the high-end customers. In 1996, Levi reported revenues of $7.6 billion and had 18.7% of the U.S. jeans market share. By 2001, the revenues dropped to $4.25 billion and the company had a 12.1% of U.S. jeans market share. Since then, the company has been trying to raise its market share and increase its revenues and this concept of Personal Pair Jeans is the signature campaign of Levis jeans. Forced at re-evaluating itself after years of declining revenues, say Moens Jones (ed.), (2013), Levis is confident that it has been able to find a way of achieving success by introducing this signature campaign on a largescale with streamlining of costs. Levis is sure that it will get help from its international presence and is also confident that the current impact of the global currency exchange market will prove to be beneficial for the company as it shall benefit from the weak dollar. The company is hopeful that it will find a way into the ever increasing and lucrative premium jeans market by introducing this new signature campaign, assert Moens Jones (ed.), (2013). The company has plans to hire famous international stars, artists and personalities to liven up the Levi brand. List of References Gibson, A. and Fraser, D. 2013, Business Law 2014. Pearson Higher Education AU, Frenchs Forest, NSW. Moens, G. and Jones, R. (ed.). 2013, International Trade and Business Law Review, Volume 10. Routledge, Oxon. Richard, T.A. (ed.). 2014, Professional Business Law Essays. Richard TA, New York. Schaffer, R., Agusti, F. and Dhooge, L. 2014, International Business Law and Its Environment, 9th ed. Cengage Learning, Stamford, CT.

Ansel Adams photographer and artist Essay Example For Students

Ansel Adams: photographer and artist Essay Ansel Adams photographer and artist Until the 19th century most artwork was created in a two or three-dimensional media. In England, William Fox discovered a technique that allowed camera images to be captured on paper. This medium has evolved since Foxs discovery in 1839 to a serious and viable form of art today. Photography allows the artist to capture what he sees. The image produced is reality to the artists eye, it can only be manipulated with light and angles. The photograph is a very powerful medium. The French painter Paul Delaroche exclaimed upon seeing an early photograph from now on, painting is dead! (Sayre, 2000). Many critics did not take photography seriously as a legitimate art form until the 20th century. With the advances in technology, the equipment and techniques had evolved to the point that the artist could capture, on paper, the beauty or horrors of their environment. Photography allowed the artist to explore the fourth dimension time (Sayre, 2000). Ansel Adams as an environmental activist brought a greater public awareness to the art of photography. Ansel Adams grew up in San Francisco where he was born in 1902 and remained an only child. He was interested in the traditional arts of music and painting. Adams also was fascinated with science and even collected insects. (Adams Alinder, 1985). During a family vacation to the Yosemite Valley when he was fourteen, Adams discovered the beauty of nature and photography. His father gave him a No. 1 Brownie Box camera (Jacobs, 1999) and a photographer was born. Adams struggled with formal education. He despised the regimentation of the education system and was removed from school by his father when he was fifteen. His father purchased a pass to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition being held in San Francisco and required that Adams spend part of each day there as a substitute for school (Adams Alinder, 1985). Adams also continued his studies of music and literature at home. Adams was determined to be a concert pianist. In 1930, after viewing negatives made by East Coast photographer Paul Strand, Adams chose a career in photography (Adams Alinder, 1985). Adams decision to be a full time photographer changed the photographic visions of the west. He spent his time in National parks photographing the immense beauty of nature in these national treasures. Adams formed a group with other San Francisco photographers in 1932 called f/64, referring to the smallest aperture opening on a camera lens (Gray, 1994). The group concentrated on form and texture. The group translated scale and detail into organic, sometimes abstract design (Jacobs, 1995). In 1935, Adams published his first book, Making a Photograph. Six years later, his Zone System was formulated. The Zone System introduced a way for the professional and amateur photographers to determine and control the exposure and development of prints for maximum visual acuity (Jacobs, 1995). The Zone System marked his first efforts at public education on photography. Adams felt a sense of duty to share his knowledge of nature and photography. was master teacher as well as a master photographer (Schaefer, 1992). He wrote many books and taught students his art. Adams technical ability in the darkroom was magical. He set the standard for black and white printing. His discriminating taste and meticulously produced prints continue to amaze current generations twenty-five years after his death. Adams was an experimenter and a modernist with his camera. Adams cherished the times he spent on vacation in Yosemite with his family. He spent part of his life teaching others how to capture the panoramic beauty of our national parks. .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a , .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a .postImageUrl , .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a , .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a:hover , .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a:visited , .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a:active { border:0!important; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a:active , .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc27bb9d6d629a800e68bd86056212a7a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Good relationship EssayIn 1940 he taught his first of many workshops The U. S. Camera Photographic Forum in Yosemite with Edward Weston (Capa, 1986). As Adams work came to the public eye, his skills and artistic visions were sought by many. Life magazine who gave photographers their first published forum in 1936 (Sayre, 2000) commissioned Adams in 1953 to conduct a photo essay of the Mormons in Utah (Capa, 1986). Adams was also an activist. He used his influence as an artist to encourage conservation of our natural resources. He was deeply committed to this cause. Adams met with and appealed to presidents Ford, Carter, and Reagan to make conservation a high priority. Adams efforts contributed to the Bicentennial Land Heritage Act, proposed by President Ford. It was a $1. 5 billion dollar, ten-year commitment to our national parks, recreation areas, and wildlife sanctuaries (Kennerly, 1999). In 1979 former President Ford and Mrs. Ford sent a letter to President Carter recommending Adams for the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian honor. On June 9, 1980 Adams received the award from President Carter. The citation praised Adams as visionary in his effort to preserve this countrys wild and scenic areas, both on film and on Earth (Kennerly, 1999). The main stream media also honored Adams. On September 3, 1979 Adams was featured on the cover of TIME Magazine commemorating his retrospective show at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Inside TIME was a collection of some of the greatest works created by Adams. The publisher used a special printing process to reproduce the photographs in their original form (Kennerly, 1999). Adams spent his life with a camera and a vision. He was a man of great talent, perseverance, and passion. He has been called the direct heir to John Muirs mantle as the emotional and ideological leader of the environmental movement. (Kennerly, 1999). Adams brought the beauty of nature to our homes and the importance of conservation to our conscious. Adams died in 1984 from heart failure aggravated by cancer. Even after his death, his love of photography and education on environmental issues has made him a lasting figure in our hearts and minds.

Sexual Pressures Essays (863 words) - Human Sexuality,

Sexual Pressures sexual pressures The media is just one of the factors responsible for the increase in teen sexuality. Throughout a humans adolescents years they are subject to a number of sexual pressures. Through research I have found that peers are among the most influential. An adolescent is not limited to peer pressure though. They face pressures from the media as well. I believe that media pressure is just a influential as peer pressure. There is also other pressure, from people such as older friends, parents, and just adults in general. Peers is a term that can be defined as friends. I have found that many teens have friends that are athletes. In high schools, boy athletes outscore all of the other boys with the girls(Elias 1). On the other hand , girls on sports teams are much less sexually active than other females who do not play sports(Elias 1). This shows that male athletes are far more pressuring each other on the issue of sexuality. So for males who are into sports they are subjected to a host of pressu res and can as a result do things they would not normally do. On the contrary, I found that females who do sports are far less pressured and influenced about sex. In fact they are far less likely to be sexually active than teen females who do not participate in sports. I believe that all teens in general should know the results of being a sexually active teen. There are many consequences of being sexually active, one of the major one being sexually transmitted diseases. A sexually transmitted disease might not sound so bad but, some can cause sterility and even worse , death. Even when condoms are used, a STD can still be transmitted. Depending on the type of std they can or can not be cured. A few diseases that can not be cured include herpes, HPV, And HIV, which later turns into the virus AIDS. The disease HPV can cause cervical cancer and HIV results in a long, painful death. Almost a third of sexually active teens contracted a new STD within a mere six months, reported one study , even among condom users(Terilliger 2). Once a teen has become sexually active he or she must assume new roles. Males must think about the issue of perhaps becoming a father by accident of intentionally. Moreover, females must think about all the consequences of having sex. No sex happens to be the safest form of sexual activity. It is not hard for a condom to break of for birth control pills to be forgotten once or twice during a cycle to cause a pregnancy. In addition, once a female becomes pregnant there are few options she can explore. In a like manner, adults are an impact on a teens sexuality. Most teens look up to an adult and admire them. Likewise, they want to try to be like there idol. This is why an adult can have a profound impact on a teen trying to cope with the pressures of sexuality. That is why all adults in all classes of society should watch what they do or say in relation to teens. For example, The President of the United States was adulterous and lied about it. We as society say so what? when the accusations surfaced at first(Kavanagh 13). In the same fashion, the media plays a huge part of sexual pressures exerted on a teen. One way being television. Television at the present time is full of vulgarness and sex. As far as prime time television is concerned is safer to watch old re runs of the Lucy Show and the Cosby Show. they ere from an era where sex was not such a prime time staple(Riley 186). This show how much society has changed concerning sex. In the old times sex was not a way to get better ratings like it is today. Similarly, music has an impact on an adolescents sexuality. Rap lyrics at the current time are full of obscenities and words concerning sex. In the rapper Eminem's song Role Model , he says, Im going to rape her and leave her, once I get near her(mathers

History of Computer Essay Example

History of Computer Essay Example History of Computer Essay History of Computer Essay HISTORY OF COMPUTER THE PRE-MECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B. C. – 1450 A. D. 1. Writing and Alphabets – Communication First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words. Around 2000 B. C. , Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants (the first true alphabet) The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today. 2. Paper and Pens – input technologies. Sumerians’ input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay. About 2600 B. C. , the Egyptians wrote on the papyrus plant. Around 100 A. D. , the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day paper-making is based. 3. Books and Libraries – output technologies (permanent storage devices) Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest â€Å"books† The Egyptians kept scrolls. Around 600 B. C. , the Greeks began to fold sheet of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together. 4. The First Numbering System Egyptian system: The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. The first numbering system similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A. D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system. Around 875 A. D. , the concept of zero was developed. 5. The First Calculator: The Abacus. One of the very first information processor. The Abacus was man’s first recorded adding machine. It was in 500 B. C. when the Abacus was invented in Babylonia, then popularized in China, the Abacus is an ancient computing device constructed of sliding beads on small wooden rods, strung on a wooden frame. You could call the Abacus as the first Calculator. THE MECHANICAL AGE: 1450 – 1840 1. The first Information Explosion. Johann Gutenberg ( Mainz, Germany; c. 1387-1468) Invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450. 2. The first general purpose â€Å"computers† People are the one who held the job title â€Å"computer†: One who works with numbers. 1614 John Napier introduces logarithms, he invents logs. Logs allow multiplication and division to be reduced to addition and subtraction. 1617 John Napier employing an ancient numerical scheme known as the Arabian lattice, lays out special version of the multiplication tables on a set of four-sided wooden rods, allowing users to multiply and divide large numbers and find square and cube roots. 1623 Wilhelm Shickard, a professor at the University of Tubingen, Germany who invented the first mechanical calculator that can work with six digits and carries digits across columns. 1625 William Oughtred (1575-1660) invented the slide rule. 1642 Blaise Pascal invented a mechanical calculation machine and he called it as Pascaline. The Pascaline can solve mathematical problems like addition and subtraction. 1671 Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician who invented a machine called Stepped Reckoner that could multiply 5 digit and 12 digit number yielding up to 16 digit number. 1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed an automatic loom that was controlled by punched cards. 1820 Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar a French who developed the Arithmometer, This device performed the same type of computations as Leibniz’s Stepped Reckoner, but was more reliable. 1821 Charles Babbage invented the first, modern Computer Design: a steam powered adding machine called the â€Å"Difference engine. † Babbage understood that long math problems were just repetitive operations. Therefore, Babbage made a machine to automatically solve math problems. 1832 Babbage also invented the â€Å"Analytical Engine. † A mechanical adding machine that took information from punch cards to solve and print complex mathematical operations. 1842 The first program was written by Ada Augusta Lovelace for Babbage’s Difference Engine. Thus Ada Lovelace is credited with being the first computer programmer. The programming language Ada is named in her honor. THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE: 1840 – 1940 1. The beginning of Telecommunication. Voltaic battery The first electric battery, known as the voltaic pile, was invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta. Telegraph Samuel F. B. Morse conceived of his version of an electromagnetic telegraph in 1832 and constructed an experimental version in 1853. Telephone and Radio 1876 Alexander Graham Bell developed the first working telephone and transmitted his now famous quotations â€Å"Watson, come here, I want you. † 1894 Guglielmo Marconi discovered that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated. 1852 George Boole develops binary algebra. This became known as Boolean algebra and became important in the 20th century when binary computers were developed. 2. Electromechanical Computing 1853 Pehr and Edvard Scheutz complete their Tabulating Machine, capable of processing fifteen-digit numbers, printing out results, and rounding off to eight digits. 1885 Dorr Felt devices the Comptometer, a key driven adding and subtracting calculator. 889 Felt’s Comptograph, containing a built-in printer, is introduced. 1890 The first person to successfully use punched cards- specifically for census taking- was Herman Hollerith. By the 19th century, the number of people in the United States was so large, it took seven years to count them all. 1893 Otto Shweiger, a Swiss engineer, invented the first efficient four function calculator called the Milli onaire. 1906 Lee De Forest invented the Vacuum tube. This was important because it provided an electrically controlled switch; a necessity for digital electronics computer. History of the computer electronic age Presentation Transcript HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER THE ELECTRONIC AGE 1941-PRESENT 1941: KONRAD ZUSE Built the first programmable computer called the Z3, capable of following instructions . Z3- was the first fully functional, PROGRAM CONTROLLED computer of the world. Z1 Z3` 1942-Howard Hattaway Aiken A student of Harvard University built the Mark I â€Å" The First Stored-Program Computer. ASCC Harvard Mark 1 is 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000 parts, 500 miles of wires, 3-5 seconds per calculation. A- Automatic S-Sequence C-Controlled C-Calculator 1942: John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry Completed the first all-electronic computer, called the ABC Computer, it was the first computer to use electricity in the form of vacuum tubes to help make electric computation possible. This is used for solving complex system of equations. ATANASOFF BERRY THE FOUR GENERATIONS OF DIGITAL COMPUTING THE FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS: 1951-1958 VACCUM TUBES AS THEIR MAIN LOGIC ELEMENTS. PUNCH CARDS TO INPUT and EXTENALLY STORE DATA. ROTATING MAGNETIC DRUMS FOR INTERNAL STORAGE OF DATA PROGRAMS. First generation computer had vacuum tubes, resistors, and welded metal joints. They were large, slow, expensive, and produced a lot of heat. Often broke down because of burned-out vacuum tubes. Also needed many experts to operate them. When running these computer, people stood by shopping carts full of replacement of vacuum tubes. 1945: PRESPER EKERT and JOHN MAUCHLY Developed the first operational electronic digital computer, called ENIAC, for the US Army. It is over 1000 times faster than Mark I, and could perform 5,000 additions per second. E- Electronic N-Numerical I-Integrator A-and C-Calculator ENIAC had more than 18,000 vacuum tubes, and took up 1,800 square feet of space. In addition, the electrical current of ENIAC required could power more than a thousand modern computers. Today ENIAC’s technology could fit in a modern wristwatch. ECKERT and MAUCHLY 1951: UNIVAC This computer was also designed by Eckert and Mauchly , became the first commercially available electronic computer. One of this version the UNIVAC 5 was used to predict result of the 1952 US presidential election. It is used for business transactions and operations. UNIVAC is 5 feet tall, 50 feet in length. Consist of 5,600 vacuum tubes and 18,000 crystal diodes. An internal storage of 1000 words or 12,000 characters. UNIV ersal A utomatic C alculator 1951-1953: MAGNETIC CORE MEMORY This was the fastest type of memory until the late 1980’s. 1953: IBM 701 Known as the â€Å"DEFENSE CALCULATOR. IBM’s first commercial or business scientific calculator.

Relationship between Workload and Effectiveness in the Nursing Research Paper

Relationship between Workload and Effectiveness in the Nursing Practice - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, though, there often arise factors such imbalanced nurse-patient ratio, lack of motivation, ill-resourced facilities and absence of on-the-job training that prevent nurses from working as effectively as they are expected to. It is against this background that the present project is being carried out to ascertain how a properly planned nurse-to-patient ratio can help in improving the service delivery given by nurses to patients. Some emphasis will be given to nurse-to-patient ratio through the other factors mentioned shall be considered. At the end of the project, it is expected that there will be a clear outline of new responsibilities expected of nurses even as their duties will be adjusted. There will also be a major recommendation to cut down the couple-per-nurse from four mothers and four babies to three mothers and three babies per nurse. The work of the nurse is undoubtedly one of the most stressful professions. This is because it entails working with different people with different needs and attitudes. Regardless of the health needs of the patient and the patient’s personal attitude, the nurse is expected to fit in squarely without fail. This indeed is a very challenging situation for any nurse at all. In light of this, researchers have come to study the relationship between the workload of a nurse and effectiveness at the workplace. According to a recent study, nurses work best if the workload they have to handle per day (8 hours) is minimal enough to attract full attention. This means that overcrowding of patient population would automatically stress the nurse up and affect her effectiveness at work. Such nurses may either resort to falling on inexperienced nursing assistance or abandoning certain core aspects of their work.  

Network Protocol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Network Protocol - Essay Example It is an admitted fact that computer technology has affected many parts of our life by playing a vital role. In addition, business organizations are adopting modern and innovative tools and technologies in order to survive in this ever-increasing competitive world. In fact, with the developments in information technologies, organizations are adopting the trend of building their IT infrastructure using already developed services rather than re-inventing the wheel. In view of the fact that it helps organizations reduce development costs and provide the system with greater adaptability as new services can be composed and existing services can be discarded in case of any change in business requirements or market conditions. In this regard, organizations are increasingly adopting Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) to build their IT infrastructure by dynamically composing loosely coupled services to perform their business operations. This research is aimed at exploring SOA and web service technology, focusing on its significance as compared to traditional distributed computing paradigms. In this paper, the significance of different protocols that form the basis of SOA and web services is also revealed and different frameworks and tools are discussed that provide the capabilities of development and integration. Keywords: Service-Oriented Architecture, XML, Web Service Description Language, Web services Introduction Service-oriented architectures (SOA) is a rising approach, promising, efficient and effective system that is loosely coupled, based on open standards, and is not bound to a special type of protocols. In this scenario, the operation of the organization, adopting SOA is run by invoking loosely coupled services often in an asynchronous or event driven style according to the requirements of the underlying business process (Papazoglou & Heuvel, 2007). Basically, the Web services have been very popular since 1999 and the most significant factor that forms the basis of success and popularity of web services is the truth that its backbone is XML (Suda, 2003). In addition, the Web Services work by defining web interfaces all the way through the usage of XML schema and a machine-readable specification called Web Services Description Language (WSDL) to describe the configuration of the input and output messages that are exchanged to invoke and consume the service (Wilkinson et al. , 2009). This paper will provide a brief description of SOA, web services and the advantages of web service technology over other traditional technologies. Basically, this research is aimed at exploring SOA and web service technology, focusing on its significance as compared to traditional distributed computing paradigms. In this paper, the importance of a wide variety of protocols that form the basis of SOA and web services is also revealed and different frameworks and tools are discussed that provide the capabilities of development and integration. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an influential distributed computing architecture that facilitates a higher degree of abstraction in the development, deployment and operation of platform independent IT infrastructure. Additionally, the SOA involves the communication between service providers and service consumers for the consumption of hosted services. SOA provides with a scheme of architecting , implementing, installing, and administering the IT infrastructures, in which, business functionality is provided by reusable services with the help of interfaces which are defined separately from the service

Strategy memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategy memo - Essay Example Because its pros and cons are not properly and completely communicated to the general public, none of the taco shell products can find acceptance. Thus, communicating the research done on these food items and their respective benefits and disadvantages is the first priority. Though various organizations like FDA, GEFA and others are continuously testing and approving GM foods, it is the duty of the producer and marketer to convey details of the product to the public. Absence of this would lead to negative impact and Communicating the benefits of GM foods and adherence to FDA norms in preparing these by Taco Bell and Kraft Food in the press conference to be held. Ensuring that long term effects of these foods will be studied in detail and no harm to humans will be done. Ownership of this step to be taken by Public Relations Director of both Taco Bell and Kraft Food. Discussing the issues with government and food authorities to find healthy solutions or substitutes. Alternatively, these authorities may also provide testimony of quality and compliance on part of Taco Bell and Kraft Food. This will help counteract the negative influence of this allegation on Taco Bell Restaurants. Ownership of this task is to be taken by senior executives of both the corporations and higher authorities of government and food regulatory bodies. This action will follow immediately after the press conference. A detailed report will also be printed in major dailies. Another issue is to tackle people who have got ill by the use of taco shells. To combat it, Taco Bell and Kraft Foods have to provide treatment and checkup to those who have suffered or are suffering. This action is essential to maintain customer loyalty and correct the mistakes done by improper research and promotion of GM