See Attachment for Instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

See Attachment for Instruction - Essay Example Strategy is a broad concept that has received a number of definitions from various scholars. For instance; a scholar known as Andrew defines strategic planning as a firm’s process of its strategy, decision-making or directional definition with regards to its resource allocation. He adds that it also broadens the control aspects of mechanisms that guide the strategic implementation (Toronto, 1991). It became prominent within various corporations at around 1960s and has remained as an essential managerial aspect. On the other hand, Liddell reiterates that strategy entirely refers to the art of distribution and application of the military means so as to duly fulfill the policy ends. Deleting "military" from his definition eases the transfer of the strategic concept into the business environment. Corporate strategy refers to a company’s decision-making pattern that reveals and determines its purposes, goals, or objectives, produces the key plans and policies for achievement of those goals, as well as the definition of a business range that is pursued by a given company, the form in which human and economic organization is or maybe intends to, and the ultimate nature of non-economic and economic contribution that it is intending to formulate to its employees, shareholders, communities, and customers (Ottawa, 1989) According to a scholar known as Mintzberg, strategy is a means of moving from one point to the other. On the other hand, he reiterates that strategic planning can also be taken to mean setting up of a time-based operational structure, the position, as well as the perspective that dictates an organization’s visions. He continues asserting that the emergence of a strategy is due to the collisions of various intentions in order to accommodate the targeted reality. Andrew’s definition on the other hand tends to anticipate Mintzberg’s attention with regards to pattern, perspective, and plan. He also draws a

Contemporary isssues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Contemporary isssues in Marketing - Essay Example etitive business environment, it is evident that global marketing strategies and tactics have significantly evolved and are used intensively within the operations of the business. This is because of the increasing power of the consumers along with their ever-changing demands. This also signifies the evolution of the customers’ oriented business process. This particular approach is adopted with the intention to gain competitive advantages over rivals. In this regard, it is also evident that the technological developments such as the Internet have a major role in the evolution of the business process, thereby attaining competitive advantages (Hackley, 2013). In order to gain competitive advantages, it is notable that the corporate organisations execute several activities that are required for getting the desired level of performances. These activities are considered as ethically and morally valuable for the overall business operations in any sector. Eventually, it leads to social benefit, which indirectly benefits a corporate organisation (Tadajewski, 2004). In this context, the objective of this particular research essay is to consider all these aspects in a comprehensive or illustrative manner. The outcome of the research will subsequently aid the young marketers and others to attain professional developments and organisational growth at the same time. In the modern era of competitive business environment, marketing strategies and tactics of companies has changed significantly. This has considerably led to the evolution of marketing through the involvement of technologies. In this regard, one of the major technological developments in the modern era is evident from the onset of internet technology. Internet technology has led to the improvement of communication among people residing in different parts of the world. This has considerably supported and benefitted the corporate enterprises in gaining a better position for themselves within the marketplace. Through

Mental Health and Mental Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mental Health and Mental Disorders - Essay Example He worked out Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. This author stated that emotions derive from "an interaction between events in the environment and beliefs and expectations which we have". (qtd in Clark, p. 130) Sometimes these beliefs are so powerful that they affect person's emotional conditional. The purpose of emotive behaviour therapy is to make these emotions less powerful and not badly influence person's emotional condition. (Clark). According to the concepts of cognitive theory, specialists counseling in mental disorders, should focus on mental condition of the client and investigate his identity, rather than treat his physical body with the help of medicines that may have side effects. Another famous author who worked in the field of cognitive therapy was Aaron Beck. He worked out a special methodology and strategies to treat depression and anxiety that were based upon the conceptions of cognitive theory. Clients are to perform a dialogue within his inner world to define the patterns that are to be changed to improve client's condition. Treatment strategies worked by Beck help a client to find out depressive beliefs and change his way of thinking. The commentators describe the essence of Beck's approach as following: "According to Beck and Emery, the way we process information is governed by structures called schemata. These schemata are made up of rules for explaining incoming information, and for retrieving what we have already learned. They are capable of exerting powerful effects on how we experience and relate to the world. For example, the schemata of a person with a social phobia cause them to become anxious and avoidant by explaining incoming information a nd memories in terms of social threat. Treatment consists of correcting faulty or illogical thinking by repeatedly confronting cognitive schemata with discrepant information from role-playing and homework assignments." (Abela, p.117) Modern medicine includes treating depression and anxiety with psychotherapy or medications, or combining both these treatments. The experiments and researches show that a combination of these two methods is mostly effective, especially because antidepressants rarely result in dependence. Companies that produce medicine encourage doctors to prefer medical treatment to psychotherapy, but there are cases in which referring to a specialist in psychotherapy is necessary. In case the person takes antidepressants and this brings no results, a visit to professional in mental health may be more effective. (Clark) Cognitive theory and therapy based upon it provide for a theoretical basis allowing specialists better understand the reasons for anxiety and depression to appear, to treat them effectively. This theory is regarded as effective even in comparison with other popular theories. To better understand the impact of cognitive theory into modern psychotherapy it is necessary to observe its perspective on mental illnesses and anxiety in particular. According to the cognitive theory, the reasons for depression, anxiety and worries appear due to several reasons: Sometimes it is enough just to see a model of behavior to take it over, when a person expresses intense fears or nervous condition. Sensitive people often answer such behaviour the same way. Sometimes a person inadequately estimates the situation and interactions with people

Contemporary isssues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Contemporary isssues in Marketing - Essay Example etitive business environment, it is evident that global marketing strategies and tactics have significantly evolved and are used intensively within the operations of the business. This is because of the increasing power of the consumers along with their ever-changing demands. This also signifies the evolution of the customers’ oriented business process. This particular approach is adopted with the intention to gain competitive advantages over rivals. In this regard, it is also evident that the technological developments such as the Internet have a major role in the evolution of the business process, thereby attaining competitive advantages (Hackley, 2013). In order to gain competitive advantages, it is notable that the corporate organisations execute several activities that are required for getting the desired level of performances. These activities are considered as ethically and morally valuable for the overall business operations in any sector. Eventually, it leads to social benefit, which indirectly benefits a corporate organisation (Tadajewski, 2004). In this context, the objective of this particular research essay is to consider all these aspects in a comprehensive or illustrative manner. The outcome of the research will subsequently aid the young marketers and others to attain professional developments and organisational growth at the same time. In the modern era of competitive business environment, marketing strategies and tactics of companies has changed significantly. This has considerably led to the evolution of marketing through the involvement of technologies. In this regard, one of the major technological developments in the modern era is evident from the onset of internet technology. Internet technology has led to the improvement of communication among people residing in different parts of the world. This has considerably supported and benefitted the corporate enterprises in gaining a better position for themselves within the marketplace. Through

Community Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community Communication - Essay Example He wondered such, because of the diffusion of cities created due to the stage of industrial revolution and unsettled west. Another scholar that set out to find the relation between community and communication was Gabriel Tarde in the 1980s. According to him, public opinion is a means of collective community which is controlled and arranged by the media (Katz, 1991). Furthering the previous thought, Bowes (1997) confirms that this relationship further gained strength in the 1920s and thus has now become indivisible. According to this study, for a collective action, communication between citizens and individuals is an important function for initiating a combined action, with the collective action being stimulated and expressed through the media. Of course, when it comes to finding the relation between these two variables, it is obvious to understand the definition of community. According to Hillary (1955), community can be explained in 94 ways. However, three essential components can b e found in the explanation of this variable. Beginning with a person involved in a specific community contact, the author mentioned geographic area as the second component with the common ties completing the collection. Bracht (1990) also revolves around the same concept of community. According to this study, a community can be explained as a cluster of individuals that share the same ethics, ideals and institutions. Further adding to the definitions, the author explained interpersonal relationships, culture and social groups as the interdependent basic components. Therefore, the above mentioned components work collectively towards a common good. This means that these components are a food for the community that are intellectual and conscious in nature and is thus a highly necessary requirement Dewey (1946). Bell and Newby (1971) added more to the definition and stated that communities have nowadays adopted a virtual nature. According to this study, the idea of a physical space has currently adopted a less physical approach of communication. Nonetheless, the relation between community and communication remains intact. Where traditionally the use of broadcast and print media was at its peak, the introduction of the computer based era and the enhancement of development and interactive media have positively worked towards eliminating the geographical constraints in communication. The virtual temperament of the media used two basic tools; the internet and direct broadcast satellites. Therefore, it becomes imperative to mention at this stage that after adopting the virtual mode, the communication media not simply aid the traditional community, rather it aids to the change in the entire definition of it (Bowes, 1997). According to Berrigan (May 1979), there is always the risk of importance in considering communication. That is, it is the author’s firm belief that although communication media is an effective tool in affecting the community, the role of the med ia is highly exaggerated. The study also stated that the media revolves around precedence in its importance. For the role of communication to be effective, it must be understood that it can never work alone. The media, in spite of its role in not the only factor that can bring changes to the community, the organizational, social and political structures also play a vital role that need to be identified. As the international communication association (May 2012) states; as our perceptions regarding the organizational, personal and social communities are undergoing massive changes, the boundaries and peripheries are becoming

Literary Devices Essay Example for Free

Literary Devices Essay Alliteration Repeating the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. AllusionA figure of speech that makes a reference to, or representation of, people, places, events, literary work, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication. BildungsromanA type of novel concerned with education, development, and maturation of a young protagonist. Essentially, a Bildungsroman traces the formation of a protagonists maturity (the passage from childhood to adulthood) by following the development of his/her mind and character. Breaking the fourth wallAn author or character addresses the audience directly (also known as direct address). This may acknowledge to the reader or audience that what is being presented is fiction, or may seek to extend the world of the story to provide the illusion that they are included in it. An example is found in the film Ferris Buellers Day Off when the main character speaks to the audience by looking directly into the camera. Chekhovs gunInsertion of an apparently irrelevant object early in a narrative for a purpose only revealed later. See foreshadowing and repetitive designation. Cliff-hangerThe narrative ends unresolved, to draw the audience back to a future episode for the resolution. Deus ex machina (From Latin: a machination, or act of god)Resolving the primary conflict by a means unrelated to the story (e. g. , a god appears and solves everything). This device dates back to ancient Greek theatre, but can be a clumsy method that frustrates the audience. This has come to mean that a force steps in to save the day or a helicopter shows up just as the hero must jump off a building. EpiphanyA sudden revelation or insight—usually with a symbolic role in the narrative—in a literary work. First Person NarrationA text presented from the point of view of a character (esp. the protagonist) and written in the first person. Oftentimes, the first-person narrative is used as a way to directly convey the deeply internal, otherwise unspoken thoughts of the narrator. Occasionally this narrator can be seen as unreliable. In some cases, the narrator gives and withholds information based on his/her own viewing of events. It is an important task for the reader to determine as much as possible about the character of the narrator in order to decide what really happens. Important note: See page 4 for point form recap. Flashback (or analeptic reference)General term for altering time sequences, taking characters back to the beginning of the tale, for instance Flash-forwardAlso called prolepsis, an interjected scene that temporarily jumps the narrative forward in time. Flash forwards often represent events expected, projected, or imagined to occur in the future. They may also reveal significant parts of the story that have not yet occurred, but soon will in greater detail. This has been highly popularized by several television shows. ForeshadowingHinting at events to occur later. See also Chekhovs gun. Frame story, or a story within a storyA main story that organizes a series of shorter stories or a short story that is used within another to add meaning to the other. Framing deviceA single action, scene, event, setting, or any element of significance at both the beginning and end of a work. HamartiaThe character flaw or error of a tragic hero that leads to his downfall. HyperboleExaggeration used to evoke strong feelings or create an impression which is not meant to be taken literally. ImageryForming mental images of a scene using descriptive words, especially making use of the human senses. In medias resBeginning the story in the middle of a sequence of events. The Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer are prime examples. The latter work begins with the return of Odysseus to his home of Ithaka and then in flashbacks tells of his ten years of wandering following the Trojan War. IronyThis discrepancy between expectation and reality occurs in three forms: situational irony, where a situation features a discrepancy between what is expected and what is actualized; dramatic irony, where a character is unaware of pivotal information already revealed to the audience (the discrepancy here lies in the two levels of awareness between the character and the audience); and verbal irony, where one states one thing while meaning another. The difference between verbal irony and sarcasm is exquisitely subtle and often contested. The concept of irony is too often misunderstood in popular usage. Unfortunate circumstances and coincidences do not constitute irony (nor do they qualify as being tragic). Readers note: â€Å"Isnt it ironic? † by Alanis Morisette contains several examples, but many of them are not ironic at all. JuxtapositionUsing two themes, characters, phrases, words, or situations together for comparison or contrast Narrative hookStory opening that hooks readers attention so hey will keep reading OverstatementExaggerating something, often for emphasis (also known as hyperbole) OnomatopoeiaWord that sounds the same as, or similar to what the word means, e. g. , boom or squish OxymoronA term made of two words that deliberately or coincidentally imply each others opposite, e. g. terrible beauty ParadoxA phrase that describes an idea composed of concepts that conflict. A good example occurs in the first sentence of A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens: It was the best of times, it was the wo rst of times† (1). ParodyRidicule by overstated imitation, usually humorous, as in MAD Magazine Pathetic fallacyReflecting a characters (usually the protagonist) mood in the atmosphere or inanimate objects—for example, the storm in William Shakespeares King Lear, which mirrors Lears mental deterioration. PathosEmotional appeal, one of the three modes of persuasion in rhetoric that the author uses to inspire pity or sorrow towards a character—typically does not counterbalance the target characters suffering with a positive outcome, as in Tragedy. PersonificationUsing comparative metaphors and similes to give living characteristics to non-living objects. Plot twistUnexpected change (twist) in the direction or expected outcome of the plot. Poetic justiceVirtue ultimately rewarded, or vice punished, by an ironic twist of fate related to the characters own conduct Self-fulfilling prophecyPrediction that, by being made, makes itself come true. Early examples include the legend of Oedipus. There is also an example of this in Harry Potter. SatireThe use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize peoples stupidity or vices. Sensory detailImagery, sight, sound, taste, touch, smell Stream of consciousnessTechnique where the author writes down their thoughts as fast as they come, typically to create an interior monologue, characterized by leaps in syntax and punctuation that trace a characters fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. An example is Ulysses. SymbolismApplied use of symbols: iconic representations that carry particular conventional meanings.

Low Cost PBX for Communication

Low Cost PBX for Communication [Turki Muteb Turki Alharbi 202524020] [Hamadi Mahdi Salem Alyami 202524033] Table of Figures Figure 1: Example of two branches connected together.. Figure 2: PSTN. Figure 3: how to download from website Figure 4: installation prompt.. Figure 5: installing packages. Figure 6: configure the network.. Figure 7: Time zone Figure 8: Root password.. Figure 9: PBX login page. Figure 10: the page after you login.. Figure 11: web application setting Figure 12: add extensions Figure 13:PJSIP extension Figure 14: User setting Figure 15: Aplly the user.. Figure 16: Zoiper logo. Figure 17: creating a user. Figure 18: Account type.. Figure 19: fill the user information Figure 20: telephones communication.. Using an IP based PBX, companies can facilitate high quality voice communication between branches over a WAN, thereby not paying PSTN rates. By connecting incoming PSTN lines with the PBX system, incoming calls can be routed to different branches over a WAN. Outbound calls can also be routed to the best value trunking providers, reducing outbound call costs. The Asterisk project started in 1999 when Mark Spencer released the initial code under the GPL open source license. Since that time, it has been enhanced and tested by a global community of thousands. Today, Asterisk is maintained by the combined efforts of Digium and the Asterisk community. 1.1. Problem definition Quick and efficient communication between employees is an essential business requirement. Unfortunately, companies often suffer high costs in facilitating phone communication between employees at different branches. 1.2. Solution to this problem To solve the problem you have to use Asterisk to add PBX with low cost. Asterisk is an open source framework for building communications applications. Asterisk turns an ordinary computer into a communications server. Asterisk powers IP PBX systems, VoIP gateways, conference servers and other custom solutions. It is used by small businesses, large businesses, call centers, carriers and government agencies, worldwide. Asterisk is free and open source. Asterisk is sponsored by Digium. Today, there are more than one million Asterisk-based communications systems in use, in more than 170 countries. Asterisk is used by almost the entire Fortune 1000 list of customers. Most often deployed by system integrators and developers, Asterisk can become the basis for a complete business phone system, or used to enhance or extend an existing system, or to bridge a gap between systems. Most Asterisk-based systems and solutions require additional components: phones, gateway appliances or interface cards and other hardware. Companies that deploy open source solutions frequently need training and often prefer to have support from a trusted partner. Digium meets all of these needs with a family of product and service offerings built exclusively for the Asterisk market. 2.1. How it works Figure 1: Example of two branches connected together Figure1 shows you how Asterisk connects two branches together even if the next branch is with long distance. Figure 2: PSTN In figure 2 you can see the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), which refers to the international telephone system based on copper wires carrying analog voice data. This is in contrast to newer telephone networks base on digital technologies. PSTN uses circuit switching to allow users to make landline telephone calls to one another. The call is placed after it is routed through multiple switches. These switches are found in a central office (CO) or in a wire center. Ultimately, voice signals are able to travel over the connected phone lines. When two telephones are connected, analog voice data is transmitted over the copper wires of the PSTN. The voice data is then converted into electrical signals which are eventually routed in the switching centers. Finally, a connection is made and communication is possible. The version that we are installing is a free version of ASTERISK. You have to follow these steps in order to install the ASTERISK. 3.1. Download the ISO In order in install the program you have to download the ISO version and this version is online Figure 3: how to download from website You have to go on www.asterisk.org/downloads (Figure 3) then click on Asterisk software PBX and go to Asterisk NOW 6.12 and chose what your computer can handle whether 64bit or 32bit. In our installation we chose 64bit. 3.2. Open the installation file Select a computer to install the freePBX Distro on. everything on this computer will be deleted and replaced with the freePBX distro. Configure the computer to boot from a DVD or CD. Insert the DVD or CD into the computer and turn it on. 3.3. Choose full setup Figure 4: installation prompt As in figure 4 the installer will begin with a prompt to select what you want, we chose the Asterisk Version Full to install. 3.4. Packages installs Figure 5: installing packages In figure 5 the system will present downloads of the install package from the internet. That should take 3-5 minutes. 3.5. Configure the network In figure 6 you will see option to configure your network. The default selections are fine in most cases, so just press TAB until the red OK box is highlighted in white and then press ENTER. Figure 6: configure the network 3.6. Time zone selection In figure 7 you will reach the Time Zone Selection screen. If your system clock uses GMT (most do not) Use the up and down arrows to select the time zone where you will use the system, and then hit TAB until the red OK button is highlighted in white. Then hit ENTER. Figure 7: Time zone 3.7. Choose your root password In figure 8 the installer will ask you to select your Root password. The Root password is the password youll use to login to the Linux command prompt later. Selecting a secure password is very important. Type the password, hit TAB, type it again, hit TAB, and then hit ENTER. Figure 8: Root password The installer will install the boot loader and some other scripts, and then reboot your computer again. 4.1. How to login Figure 9: PBX login page Figure 9 shows you the login screen when you want to run the PBX. Figure 10: the page after you login In figure 10 the important thing is the IP. We have to take this IP to run in on web browser to login into web application to add users. 4.2. Web application Figure 11: web application setting Figure 12: add extensions Figure 12 is the next page of figure 11. Click on add new PJSIP extension. 4.3. Add telephone The next steps explain how to add a telephone line and follow these instructions to complete of create new user. 4.3.1. Add a user in PJSIP extension Figure 13:PJSIP extension In figure 13 you have many things to fill out. First thing is the name of user extension and that must not a copy of old user extension. Second thing is the display name that is shows to you in VOIP witch is refer to the person who call. Figure 14: User setting In figure 14 which is the user setting you have to select the permissions that you want to apply in this user. Then click on submit. 4.3.2. Apply the user Figure 15: Aplly the user When you create a user you have to apply this user, without applying the user it will not work well. Figure 16: Zoiper logo 5.1. Create a user in zoiper Figure 17: creating a user Figure 18: Account type Figure 19: fill the user information In figure 19 we have two parts the one in right is coming from the web application CPannel and the one in left coming from Zoiper. What you have to do is to fill the same information in the right to the left. There something addition which is the IP. You can see the IP in figure 10. 5.2. The connection between two telephones Figure 20: telephones communication In figure 20 you can see what happen when you call from telephone to another. As we saw before that Asterisk can connect two branches or more together we will illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of using Asterisk. 6.1. Advantage of using Asterisk 6.1.1. Lowest cost Asterisk is open source which means that you can download and use it for free without any charge and you can make free calls between branches even if the branches in your country or outside. 6.2. Disadvantage of using Asterisk 6.2.1. Does not support all telephones The telephone that is used SCCP cannot communicate with telephone use SIP. Asterisk support SIP only. [1]http://www.asterisk.org/. [2]http://www.voip-info.org/, . [3]https://coredial.com, [. [4]https://en.wikipedia.org, . [5]https://www.digium.com, . [6]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgs0GR4ylxA,